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Struts 二的拦截器(Interceptor)

热度:232   发布时间:2012-11-25 11:44:31.0
Struts 2的拦截器(Interceptor)
什么是拦截器

拦截器,在AOP(Aspect-Oriented Programming)中用于在某个方法或字段被访问之前,进行拦截然后在之前或之后加入某些操作。拦截是AOP的一种实现策略。

在Webwork的中文文档的解释为――拦截器是动态拦截Action调用的对象。它提供了一种机制可以使开发者可以定义在一个action执行的前后执行的代码,也可以在一个action执行前阻止其执行。同时也是提供了一种可以提取action中可重用的部分的方式。

谈到拦截器,还有一个词大家应该知道――拦截器链(Interceptor Chain,在Struts 2中称为拦截器栈Interceptor Stack)。拦截器链就是将拦截器按一定的顺序联结成一条链。在访问被拦截的方法或字段时,拦截器链中的拦截器就会按其之前定义的顺序被调用。

实现原理

Struts 2的拦截器实现相对简单。当请求到达Struts 2的ServletDispatcher时,Struts 2会查找配置文件,并根据其配置实例化相对的拦截器对象,然后串成一个列表(list),最后一个一个地调用列表中的拦截器,如图1所示。


图1 拦截器调用序列图

已有的拦截器

Struts 2已经为您提供丰富多样的,功能齐全的拦截器实现。大家可以到struts2-all-2.0.1.jar或struts2-core-2.0.1.jar包的struts-default.xml查看关于默认的拦截器与拦截器链的配置。

在本文使用是Struts 2的最新发布版本2.0.1。需要下载的朋友请点击以下链接:
http://apache.justdn.org/struts/binaries/struts-2.0.1-all.zip
以下部分就是从struts-default.xml文件摘取的内容:

< interceptor name ="alias" class ="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.AliasInterceptor" />
< interceptor name ="autowiring" class ="com.opensymphony.xwork2.spring.interceptor.ActionAutowiringInterceptor" />
< interceptor name ="chain" class ="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ChainingInterceptor" />
< interceptor name ="conversionError" class ="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.StrutsConversionErrorInterceptor" />
< interceptor name ="createSession" class ="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.CreateSessionInterceptor" />
< interceptor name ="debugging" class ="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.debugging.DebuggingInterceptor" />
< interceptor name ="external-ref" class ="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ExternalReferencesInterceptor" />
< interceptor name ="execAndWait" class ="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.ExecuteAndWaitInterceptor" />
< interceptor name ="exception" class ="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ExceptionMappingInterceptor" />
< interceptor name ="fileUpload" class ="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.FileUploadInterceptor" />
< interceptor name ="i18n" class ="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.I18nInterceptor" />
< interceptor name ="logger" class ="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.LoggingInterceptor" />
< interceptor name ="model-driven" class ="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ModelDrivenInterceptor" />
< interceptor name ="scoped-model-driven" class ="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ScopedModelDrivenInterceptor" />
< interceptor name ="params" class ="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ParametersInterceptor" />
< interceptor name ="prepare" class ="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.PrepareInterceptor" />
< interceptor name ="static-params" class ="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.StaticParametersInterceptor" />
< interceptor name ="scope" class ="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.ScopeInterceptor" />
< interceptor name ="servlet-config" class ="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.ServletConfigInterceptor" />
< interceptor name ="sessionAutowiring" class ="org.apache.struts2.spring.interceptor.SessionContextAutowiringInterceptor" />
< interceptor name ="timer" class ="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.TimerInterceptor" />
< interceptor name ="token" class ="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.TokenInterceptor" />
< interceptor name ="token-session" class ="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.TokenSessionStoreInterceptor" />
< interceptor name ="validation" class ="com.opensymphony.xwork2.validator.ValidationInterceptor" />
< interceptor name ="workflow" class ="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.DefaultWorkflowInterceptor" />
< interceptor name ="store" class ="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.MessageStoreInterceptor" />
< interceptor name ="checkbox" class ="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.CheckboxInterceptor" />
< interceptor name ="profiling" class ="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.ProfilingActivationInterceptor" />
配置和使用拦截器

在struts-default.xml中已经配置了以上的拦截器。如果您想要使用上述拦截器,只需要在应用程序struts.xml文件中通过“<include file="struts-default.xml" />”将struts-default.xml文件包含进来,并继承其中的struts-default包(package),最后在定义Action时,使用“<interceptor-ref name="xx" />”引用拦截器或拦截器栈(interceptor stack)。一旦您继承了struts-default包(package),所有Action都会调用拦截器栈 ――defaultStack。当然,在Action配置中加入“<interceptor-ref name="xx" />”可以覆盖defaultStack。

下面是关于拦截器timer使用的例子。首先,新建Action类tuotrial/TimerInterceptorAction.java,内容如下:

package tutorial;

import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;

public class TimerInterceptorAction extends ActionSupport {
    @Override
     public String execute() {
         try {
             // 模拟耗时的操作
            Thread.sleep( 500 );
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
         return SUCCESS;
    }
}
配置Action,名为Timer,配置文件如下:

<! DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC
        "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN"
        "http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.0.dtd" >
< struts >
    < include file ="struts-default.xml" />   
    < package name ="InterceptorDemo" extends ="struts-default" >
        < action name ="Timer" class ="tutorial.TimerInterceptorAction" >
            < interceptor-ref name ="timer" />
            < result > /Timer.jsp </ result >
        </ action >
    </ package >
</ struts >
至于Timer.jsp可以随意写些什么到里面。发布运行应用程序,在浏览器的地址栏键入http://localhost:8080/Struts2_Interceptor/Timer.action,在出现Timer.jsp页面后,查看服务器的后台输出。

2006 - 12 - 6 14 : 27 : 32 com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.TimerInterceptor doLog
信息: Executed action [ //Timer!execute ] took 2859 ms.
在您的环境中执行Timer!execute的耗时,可能上述的时间有些不同,这取决于您PC的性能。但是无论如何,2859 ms与500 ms还是相差太远了。这是什么原因呢?其实原因是第一次加载Timer时,需要进行一定的初始工作。当你重新请求Timer.action时,以上输出会变为:

2006 - 12 - 6 14 : 29 : 18 com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.TimerInterceptor doLog
信息: Executed action [ //Timer!execute ] took 500 ms.
OK,这正是我们期待的结果。上述例子演示了拦截器timer的用途――用于显示执行某个action方法的耗时,在我们做一个粗略的性能调试时,这相当有用。

自定义拦截器

作为“框架(framework)”,可扩展性是不可或缺的,因为世上没有放之四海而皆准的东西。虽然,Struts 2为我们提供如此丰富的拦截器实现,但是这并不意味我们失去创建自定义拦截器的能力,恰恰相反,在Struts 2自定义拦截器是相当容易的一件事。



大家在开始着手创建自定义拦截器前,切记以下原则:
拦截器必须是无状态的,不要使用在API提供的ActionInvocation之外的任何东西。
要求拦截器是无状态的原因是Struts 2不能保证为每一个请求或者action创建一个实例,所以如果拦截器带有状态,会引发并发问题。

所有的Struts 2的拦截器都直接或间接实现接口com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.Interceptor。除此之外,大家可能更喜欢继承类com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.AbstractInterceptor。

以下例子演示通过继承AbstractInterceptor,实现授权拦截器。

首先,创建授权拦截器类tutorial.AuthorizationInterceptor,代码如下:

package tutorial;

import java.util.Map;

import com.opensymphony.xwork2.Action;
import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionInvocation;
import com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.AbstractInterceptor;

public class AuthorizationInterceptor extends AbstractInterceptor {

    @Override
     public String intercept(ActionInvocation ai) throws Exception {
        Map session = ai.getInvocationContext().getSession();
        String role = (String) session.get( " ROLE " );
         if ( null != role) {
            Object o = ai.getAction();
             if (o instanceof RoleAware) {
                RoleAware action = (RoleAware) o;
                action.setRole(role);
            }
             return ai.invoke();
        } else {
             return Action.LOGIN;
        }       
    }

}
以上代码相当简单,我们通过检查session是否存在键为“ROLE”的字符串,判断用户是否登陆。如果用户已经登陆,将角色放到Action中,调用Action;否则,拦截直接返回Action.LOGIN字段。为了方便将角色放入Action,我定义了接口tutorial.RoleAware,代码如下:

package tutorial;

public interface RoleAware {
     void setRole(String role);
}
接着,创建Action类tutorial.AuthorizatedAccess模拟访问受限资源,它作用就是通过实现RoleAware获取角色,并将其显示到ShowUser.jsp中,代码如下:

package tutorial;

import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;

public class AuthorizatedAccess extends ActionSupport implements RoleAware {
     private String role;
   
     public void setRole(String role) {
         this .role = role;
    }
   
     public String getRole() {
         return role;
    }

    @Override
     public String execute() {
         return SUCCESS;
    }
}
以下是ShowUser.jsp的代码:

<% @ page  contentType = " text/html; charset=UTF-8 " %>
<% @taglib prefix = " s " uri = " /struts-tags " %>
< html >
< head >
    < title > Authorizated User </ title >
</ head >
< body >
    < h1 > Your role is: < s:property value ="role" /></ h1 >
</ body >
</ html >
然后,创建tutorial.Roles初始化角色列表,代码如下:

package tutorial;

import java.util.Hashtable;
import java.util.Map;


public class Roles {
     public Map < String, String > getRoles() {
        Map < String, String > roles = new Hashtable < String, String > ( 2 );
        roles.put( " EMPLOYEE " , " Employee " );
        roles.put( " MANAGER " , " Manager " );
         return roles;
    }
}
接下来,新建Login.jsp实例化tutorial.Roles,并将其roles属性赋予<s:radio>标志,代码如下:

<% @ page  contentType = " text/html; charset=UTF-8 " %>
<% @taglib prefix = " s " uri = " /struts-tags " %>
< html >
< head >
    < title > Login </ title >
</ head >
< body >
    < h1 > Login </ h1 >
    Please select a role below:
    < s:bean id ="roles" name ="tutorial.Roles" />
    < s:form action ="Login" >
        < s:radio list ="#roles.roles" value ="'EMPLOYEE'" name ="role" label ="Role" />
        < s:submit />
    </ s:form >
</ body >
</ html >
创建Action类tutorial.Login将role放到session中,并转到Action类tutorial.AuthorizatedAccess,代码如下:

package tutorial;

import java.util.Map;

import org.apache.struts2.interceptor.SessionAware;

import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;

public class Login extends ActionSupport implements SessionAware {
     private String role;   
     private Map session;

     public String getRole() {
         return role;
    }

     public void setRole(String role) {
         this .role = role;
    }
   
     public void setSession(Map session) {
         this .session = session;
    }

    @Override
     public String execute() {
        session.put( " ROLE " , role);
         return SUCCESS;
    }   
}
最后,配置struts.xml文件,内容如下:

<! DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC
        "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN"
        "http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.0.dtd" >
< struts >
    < include file ="struts-default.xml" />   
    < package name ="InterceptorDemo" extends ="struts-default" >
        < interceptors >
            < interceptor name ="auth" class ="tutorial.AuthorizationInterceptor" />
        </ interceptors >
        < action name ="Timer" class ="tutorial.TimerInterceptorAction" >
            < interceptor-ref name ="timer" />
            < result > /Timer.jsp </ result >
        </ action >
        < action name ="Login" class ="tutorial.Login" >
            < result type ="chain" > AuthorizatedAccess </ result >
        </ action >
        < action name ="AuthorizatedAccess" class ="tutorial.AuthorizatedAccess" >
            < interceptor-ref name ="auth" />
            < result name ="login" > /Login.jsp </ result >
            < result name ="success" > /ShowRole.jsp </ result >
        </ action >
    </ package >
</ struts >
原文地址:http://www.blogjava.net/max/archive/2006/12/06/85925.html
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