- 27建立序列:(注意,这里并没有出现说是哪个表里面的序列!!) ??
- ??CREATE?SEQUENCE?dept_deptid_seq ??
- ????????????????INCREMENT?BY?10 ??
- ????????????????START?WITH?120 ??
- ????????????????MAXVALUE?9999 ??
- ????????????????NOCACHE ??
- ????????????????NOCYCLE?? ??
- 28使用序列: ??
- ????????insert?into?dept(ID,NAME)?values(DEPT_ID_SEQ.nextval,'Administration'); ??
- 29建立索引://默认就是nonunique索引,除非使用了关键字:unique??
- ????????CREATE?INDEX?emp_last_name_idx?ON?employees(last_name); ??
- 30建立用户:(可能有错,详细查看帮助) ??
- ????????create?user??username(用户名) ??
- ????????identified?by?oracle(密码) ??
- ????????default?tablespace??data01(表空间名//默认存在system表空间里面) ??
- ????????quota?10M(设置大小,最大为unlimited)??on?表空间名//必须分配配额! ??
- 31创建角色:create?ROLE?manager ??
- ????赋予角色权限:grant?create?table,create?view?to?manage ??
- ????赋予用户角色:grant?manager?to?DENHAAN,KOCHHAR(?两个用户) ??
- 32分配权限: ??
- ????????GRANT??update?(department_name,?location_id) ??
- ????????ON?????departments ??
- ????????TO?????scott,?manager; ??
- ????回收权限 ??
- ????????REVOKE??select,?insert??
- ????????ON??????departments ??
- ??????
- 36从时间中提取年,月,日:使用函数extract ??
- ????????select?extract(year?from?sysdate)?year,extract(month?from?sysdate), ??
- extract(day?from?sysdate)?from?dual; ??
- 37使用函数得到数月之后的日期:to_yminterval(‘01-02’)表示加上1年2月,不能够到天!! ??
- ????????select?hire_date,hire_date?+to_yminterval('01-02')?as?hire_date_new?from?employees?where?department_id=20 ??
- ????得到多少天之后的日期:直接日期加数字! ??
- ????????select?hire_date?+3?from?employees?where?department_id=20 ??
- 38一般的时间函数: ??
- ????????MONTHS_BETWEEN?('01-SEP-95','11-JAN-94')--两个日期之间的月数,返回一个浮点数 ??
- ????????ADD_MONTHS?('11-JAN-94',6)--添加月数 ??
- ??????????NEXT_DAY?('01-SEP-95','FRIDAY')?--下一个星期五的日期 ??
- ????????LAST_DAY('01-FEB-95')--当月的最后一天! ??
- ????????ROUND(SYSDATE,'MONTH')?????????--四舍五入月 ??
- ????????ROUND(SYSDATE?,'YEAR')???????--四舍五入年 ??
- ????????TRUNC(SYSDATE?,'MONTH')????????--阶段月 ??
- ?????????TRUNC(SYSDATE?,'YEAR')????????--截断年?? ??
- 39?group语句:和高级的应用语句: ??
- ????????SELECT???department_id,?job_id,?SUM(salary),??COUNT(employee_id)?FROM?????employees ??
- ????????????????GROUP?BY?department_id,?job_id?; ??
- ????????使用having进行约束: ??
- ????????1.group?by?rollup:对n列组合得到n+1种情况 ??
- ????????SELECT???department_id,?job_id,?SUM(salary)????????FROM?????employees??WHERE????department_id?<?60?GROUP?BY?ROLLUP(department_id,?job_id); ??
- ????????2.group?by?cube:得到2的n次方种情况 ??
- ????????SELECT???department_id,?job_id,?SUM(salary)?FROM?????employees??WHERE????department_id?<?60?GROUP?BY?CUBE?(department_id,?job_id)?; ??
- ????????3.使用grouping得到一行中构成列的情况,只是返回1和0:是空的话就返回1,否则返回0(注意不要弄反了!) ??
- ????????SELECT???department_id?DEPTID,?job_id?JOB,??SUM(salary),????GROUPING(department_id)?GRP_DEPT,????GROUPING(job_id)?GRP_JOB ??
- ????????????????FROM?????employees?WHERE????department_id?<?50?GROUP?BY?ROLLUP(department_id,?job_id); ??
- ????????4.grouping?sets:根据需要得到制定的组合情况 ??
- ????????SELECT???department_id,?job_id,?manager_id,avg(salary)?FROM?????employees?GROUP?BY?GROUPING?SETS?((department_id,job_id),?(job_id,manager_id)); ??
- 40from中使用子查询:返回每个部门中大于改部门平均工资的与员工信息 ??
- ????????SELECT??a.last_name,?a.salary,?a.department_id,?b.salavg??FROM????employees?a,--下面的地方就是子查询了,主要返回的是一组数据! ??
- ?????????(SELECT???department_id,?AVG(salary)?salavg???FROM?????employees??GROUP?BY?department_id)?b ??
- ????????WHERE???a.department_id?=?b.department_id ??
- ????????AND?????a.salary?>?b.salavg; ??
- 41exists语句的使用: ??
- ????????SELECT?employee_id,?last_name,?job_id,?department_id ??
- ????????FROM???employees?outer--下面的?exists里面的select选择出来的是随便的一个字符或者数字都可以 ??
- ????????WHERE??EXISTS?(?SELECT?'X'???FROM???employees?WHERE??manager_id?=??outer.employee_id); ??
- 42厉害的with语句: ??
- ????????WITH? ??
- ?????????dept_costs??AS?(--定义了一个临时的表 ??
- ???????????????????SELECT??d.department_name,?SUM(e.salary)?AS?dept_total--其间定义了一个临时的列dept_total ??
- ???????????????????FROM????employees?e,?departments?d ??
- ???????????????????WHERE???e.department_id?=?d.department_id ??
- ???????????????????GROUP?BY?d.department_name),/*注意这里有逗号*/ ??
- ????????avg_cost????AS?( ??
- ???????????SELECT?SUM(dept_total)/COUNT(*)?AS?dept_avg ??
- ???????????FROM???dept_costs)--这里的第二张临时表里面就引用了前面定义的临时表和之间的列! ??
- ????????SELECT?*??FROM???dept_costs??WHERE??dept_total?>??(SELECT?dept_avg???FROM?avg_cost)?ORDER?BY?department_name;---最后的查询语句中使用了前面的临时表 ??
- 43遍历树: ??
- ????????SELECT?employee_id,?last_name,?job_id,?manager_id ??
- ????????FROM???employees ??
- ????????START??WITH??employee_id?=?101 ??
- ????????CONNECT?BY?PRIOR?manager_id?=?employee_id?;--自底向上的遍历树。 ??
- ??
- 44.更新语句 ??
- UPDATE?employees?SET? ??
- ????job_id?=?'SA_MAN',?salary?=?salary?+?1000,?department_id?=?120? ??
- ????WHERE?first_name||'?'||last_name?=?'Douglas?Grant';? ??
- ??
- UPDATE?TABLE?(SELECT?projs? ??
- ???????????FROM?dept?d?WHERE?d.dno?=?123)??p? ??
- ??SET?p.budgets?=?p.budgets?+?1? ??
- ??WHERE?p.pno?IN?(123,?456);?? FROM????scott; ??
1.在数据字典查询约束的相关信息:SELECT constraint_name, constraint_type,search_conditionFROM user_constraints WHERE table_name = 'EMPLOYEES'; //这里的表名都是大写!2对表结构进行说明: desc Tablename3查看用户下面有哪些表 select table_name from user_tables;4查看约束在那个列上建立: SELECT constraint_name, column_name FROM user_cons_columns WHERE table_name = 'EMPLOYEES';10结合变量查找相关某个表中约束的相关列名: select constraint_name,column_name from user_cons_columns where table_name = '&tablename'12查询数据字典看中间的元素:SELECT object_name, object_typeFROM user_objectsWHERE object_name LIKE 'EMP%' OR object_name LIKE 'DEPT%'14查询对象类型:SELECT DISTINCT object_type FROM user_objects ;17改变对象名:(表名,视图,序列) rename emp to emp_newTable18添加表的注释: COMMENT ON TABLE employees IS 'Employee Information';20查看视图结构: describe view_name23在数据字典中查看视图信息: select viewe_name,text from user_views25查看数据字典中的序列: select * from user_sequences33得到所有的时区名字信息: select * from v$timezone_names34显示对时区‘US/Eastern’的时区偏移量 select TZ_OFFSET('US/Eastern') from DUAL--dual英文意思是‘双重的’ 显示当前会话时区中的当前日期和时间: ALTER SESSION SET NLS_DATE_FORMAT = 'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS';--修改显示时间的方式的设置 ALTER SESSION SET TIME_ZONE = '-5:0';--修改时区 SELECT SESSIONTIMEZONE, CURRENT_DATE FROM DUAL;--真正有用的语句! SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP FROM DUAL;--返回的时间是当前日期和时间,含有时区 SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP FROM DUAL;--返回的时间是当前日期和时间,不含有时区!!! 35显示数据库时区和会话时区的值: select datimezone,sessiontimezone from dual;13普通的建表语句:CREATE TABLE dept(deptno NUMBER(2),dname VARCHAR2(14),loc VARCHAR2(13));15使用子查询建立表: CREATE TABLE dept80 AS SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary*12 ANNSAL, hire_date FROM employees WHERE department_id = 80;6添加列:// alter table EMP add column (dept_id number(7));错误!! alter table EMP add (dept_id number(7));7删除一列: alter table emp drop column dept_id;8添加列名同时和约束: alter table EMP add (dept_id number(7) constraint my_emp_dept_id_fk references dept(ID));9改变列://注意约束不能够修改 的!! alter table dept80 modify(last_name varchar2(30));//这里使用的是modify而不是alter!24增加一行: insert into table_name values();5添加主键: alter Table EMP add constraint my_emp_id_pk primary key (ID);11添加一个有check约束的新列: alter table EMP add (COMMISSION number(2) constraint emp_commission_ck check(commission>0))16删除表: drop table emp;19创建视图: CREATE VIEW empvu80 AS SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary FROM employees WHERE department_id = 80;21删除视图: drop view view_name22找到工资最高的5个人。(top-n分析)(行内视图) select rownum,employee_id from (select employee_id,salary from employees order by salary desc) where rownum<5;26建立同义词: create synonym 同义词名 for 原来的名字或者 create public synonym 同义词名 for 原来的名字27建立序列:(注意,这里并没有出现说是哪个表里面的序列!!) CREATE SEQUENCE dept_deptid_seq INCREMENT BY 10 START WITH 120 MAXVALUE 9999 NOCACHE NOCYCLE 28使用序列: insert into dept(ID,NAME) values(DEPT_ID_SEQ.nextval,'Administration');29建立索引://默认就是nonunique索引,除非使用了关键字:unique CREATE INDEX emp_last_name_idx ON employees(last_name);30建立用户:(可能有错,详细查看帮助) create user username(用户名) identified by oracle(密码) default tablespace data01(表空间名//默认存在system表空间里面) quota 10M(设置大小,最大为unlimited) on 表空间名//必须分配配额!31创建角色:create ROLE manager 赋予角色权限:grant create table,create view to manage 赋予用户角色:grant manager to DENHAAN,KOCHHAR( 两个用户)32分配权限: GRANT update (department_name, location_id) ON departments TO scott, manager; 回收权限 REVOKE select, insert ON departments FROM scott;36从时间中提取年,月,日:使用函数extract select extract(year from sysdate) year,extract(month from sysdate),extract(day from sysdate) from dual;37使用函数得到数月之后的日期:to_yminterval(‘01-02’)表示加上1年2月,不能够到天!! select hire_date,hire_date +to_yminterval('01-02') as hire_date_new from employees where department_id=20 得到多少天之后的日期:直接日期加数字! select hire_date +3 from employees where department_id=2038一般的时间函数: MONTHS_BETWEEN ('01-SEP-95','11-JAN-94')--两个日期之间的月数,返回一个浮点数 ADD_MONTHS ('11-JAN-94',6)--添加月数 NEXT_DAY ('01-SEP-95','FRIDAY') --下一个星期五的日期 LAST_DAY('01-FEB-95')--当月的最后一天! ROUND(SYSDATE,'MONTH') --四舍五入月 ROUND(SYSDATE ,'YEAR') --四舍五入年 TRUNC(SYSDATE ,'MONTH') --阶段月 TRUNC(SYSDATE ,'YEAR') --截断年 39 group语句:和高级的应用语句: SELECT department_id, job_id, SUM(salary), COUNT(employee_id) FROM employees GROUP BY department_id, job_id ; 使用having进行约束: 1.group by rollup:对n列组合得到n+1种情况 SELECT department_id, job_id, SUM(salary) FROM employees WHERE department_id < 60 GROUP BY ROLLUP(department_id, job_id); 2.group by cube:得到2的n次方种情况 SELECT department_id, job_id, SUM(salary) FROM employees WHERE department_id < 60 GROUP BY CUBE (department_id, job_id) ; 3.使用grouping得到一行中构成列的情况,只是返回1和0:是空的话就返回1,否则返回0(注意不要弄反了!) SELECT department_id DEPTID, job_id JOB, SUM(salary), GROUPING(department_id) GRP_DEPT, GROUPING(job_id) GRP_JOB FROM employees WHERE department_id < 50 GROUP BY ROLLUP(department_id, job_id); 4.grouping sets:根据需要得到制定的组合情况 SELECT department_id, job_id, manager_id,avg(salary) FROM employees GROUP BY GROUPING SETS ((department_id,job_id), (job_id,manager_id));40from中使用子查询:返回每个部门中大于改部门平均工资的与员工信息 SELECT a.last_name, a.salary, a.department_id, b.salavg FROM employees a,--下面的地方就是子查询了,主要返回的是一组数据! (SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) salavg FROM employees GROUP BY department_id) b WHERE a.department_id = b.department_id AND a.salary > b.salavg;41exists语句的使用: SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, department_id FROM employees outer--下面的 exists里面的select选择出来的是随便的一个字符或者数字都可以 WHERE EXISTS ( SELECT 'X' FROM employees WHERE manager_id = outer.employee_id);42厉害的with语句: WITH dept_costs AS (--定义了一个临时的表 SELECT d.department_name, SUM(e.salary) AS dept_total--其间定义了一个临时的列dept_total FROM employees e, departments d WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id GROUP BY d.department_name),/*注意这里有逗号*/ avg_cost AS ( SELECT SUM(dept_total)/COUNT(*) AS dept_avg FROM dept_costs)--这里的第二张临时表里面就引用了前面定义的临时表和之间的列! SELECT * FROM dept_costs WHERE dept_total > (SELECT dept_avg FROM avg_cost) ORDER BY department_name;---最后的查询语句中使用了前面的临时表43遍历树: SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, manager_id FROM employees START WITH employee_id = 101 CONNECT BY PRIOR manager_id = employee_id ;--自底向上的遍历树。44.更新语句UPDATE employees SET job_id = 'SA_MAN', salary = salary + 1000, department_id = 120 WHERE first_name||' '||last_name = 'Douglas Grant'; UPDATE TABLE (SELECT projs FROM dept d WHERE d.dno = 123) p SET p.budgets = p.budgets + 1 WHERE p.pno IN (123, 456);
?
11.导入导出dmp文件:
imp [email protected] ignore=y file=备份文件 log=D:\DBtest\db_bak\imp.log
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exp [email protected] file=d:\daochu.dmp full=y
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?12.大对象字段blob:查看blob字段的大小:
?? select ?dbms_lob.getLength (字段名)? from 表名?;?
?
13.下面收集的是有意思的sql语句,说不定正是你需要的:
?
- --创建一个只允许在工作时间访问的视图 ??
- create?or?replace?view?newviewemp ??
- as ??
- select?*?from?表名 ??
- ?where?exists(select?1?from?dual?where?sysdate?>= ??
- ???????to_date(to_char(sysdate,?'yyyy-mm-dd?')?||?'08:00:00',?'yyyy-mm-dd?hh24:mi:ss') ??
- ???and?sysdate?< ??
- ???????to_date(to_char(sysdate,?'yyyy-mm-dd?')?||?'18:00:00',?'yyyy-mm-dd?hh24:mi:ss')) ??
- ?