SQL语句中常用关键词及其解释如下:
1)SELECT
将资料从数据库中的表格内选出,两个关键字:从 (FROM) 数据库中的表格内选出 (SELECT)。语法为SELECT "栏位名" FROM "表格名"。
2)DISTINCT
在上述 SELECT 关键词后加上一个 DISTINCT 就可以去除选择出来的栏位中的重复,从而完成求得这个表格/栏位内有哪些不同的值的功能。语法为
SELECT DISTINCT "栏位名" FROM "表格名"。
3)WHERE
这个关键词可以帮助我们选择性地抓资料,而不是全取出来。语法为
SELECT "栏位名" FROM "表格名" WHERE "条件"
4)AND OR
上例中的 WHERE 指令可以被用来由表格中有条件地选取资料。这个条件可能是简单的 (像上一页的例子),也可能是复杂的。复杂条件是由二或多个简单条件透过 AND 或是 OR 的连接而成。语法为:
SELECT "栏位名" FROM "表格名" WHERE "简单条件" {[AND|OR] "简单条件"}+
5)IN
在 SQL 中,在两个情况下会用到 IN 这个指令;这一页将介绍其中之一:与 WHERE 有关的那一个情况。在这个用法下,我们事先已知道至少一个我们需要的值,而我们将这些知道的值都放入 IN 这个子句。语法为:
SELECT "栏位名" FROM "表格名" WHERE "栏位名" IN ('值一', '值二', ...)
6)BETWEEN
IN 这个指令可以让我们依照一或数个不连续 (discrete)的值的限制之内抓出资料库中的值,而 BETWEEN 则是让我们可以运用一个范围 (range) 内抓出资料库中的值,语法为:
SELECT "栏位名" FROM "表格名" WHERE "栏位名" BETWEEN '值一' AND '值二'
7)LIKE
LIKE 是另一个在 WHERE 子句中会用到的指令。基本上, LIKE 能让我们依据一个模式(pattern) 来找出我们要的资料。语法为:
SELECT "栏位名" FROM "表格名" WHERE "栏位名" LIKE {模式}
8)ORDER BY
我们经常需要能够将抓出的资料做一个有系统的显示。这可能是由小往大 (ascending) 或是由大往小(descending)。在这种情况下,我们就可以运用 ORDER BY 这个指令来达到我们的目的。语法为:
SELECT "栏位名" FROM "表格名 [WHERE "条件"] ORDER BY "栏位名" [ASC, DESC]
9)函数
函数允许我们能够对这些数字的型态存在的行或者列做运算,包括 AVG (平均)、COUNT (计数)、MAX (最大值)、MIN (最小值)、SUM (总合)。语法为:
SELECT "函数名"("栏位名") FROM "表格名"
10)COUNT
这个关键词能够帮我我们统计有多少笔资料被选出来,语法为:
SELECT COUNT("栏位名") FROM "表格名"
11)GROUP BY
GROUP BY 语句用于结合合计函数,根据一个或多个列对结果集进行分组。语法为:
SELECT "栏位1", SUM("栏位2") FROM "表格名" GROUP BY "栏位1"
12)HAVING
该关键词可以帮助我们对函数产生的值来设定条件。语法为:
SELECT "栏位1", SUM("栏位2") FROM "表格名" GROUP BY "栏位1" HAVING (函数条件)
13)ALIAS
我们可以通过ALIAS为列名称和表名称指定别名,语法为:
SELECT "表格别名"."栏位1" "栏位别名" FROM "表格名" "表格别名"
下面为一个例子,通过它我们应该能很好地掌握以上关键词的使用方法。
Student(S#,Sname,Sage,Ssex) 学生表
Course(C#,Cname,T#) 课程表
SC(S#,C#,score) 成绩表
Teacher(T#,Tname) 教师表
问题:
1、查询“001”课程比“002”课程成绩高的所有学生的学号;
select a.S#
from (select s#,score from SC where C#=’001′) a,
(select s#,score from SC where C#=’002′) b
where a.score>b.score and a.s#=b.s#;
2、查询平均成绩大于60分的同学的学号和平均成绩;
select S#,avg(score)
from sc
group by S# having avg(score) >60;
3、查询所有同学的学号、姓名、选课数、总成绩;
select Student.S#,Student.Sname,count(SC.C#),sum(score)
from Student left Outer join SC on Student.S#=SC.S#
group by Student.S#,Sname
4、查询姓“李”的老师的个数;
select count(distinct(Tname))
from Teacher
where Tname like ‘李%’;
5、查询没学过“叶平”老师课的同学的学号、姓名;
select Student.S#,Student.Sname
from Student
where S# not in (select distinct( SC.S#) from SC,Course,Teacher where SC.C#=Course.C# and Teacher.T#=Course.T# and Teacher.Tname=’叶平’);
6、查询学过“001”并且也学过编号“002”课程的同学的学号、姓名;
select Student.S#,Student.Sname
from Student,SC
where Student.S#=SC.S# and SC.C#=’001′and exists( Select * from SC as SC_2 where SC_2.S#=SC.S# and SC_2.C#=’002′);
select S#,Sname
from Student
where S# in
(select S#
from SC ,Course ,Teacher
where SC.C#=Course.C# and Teacher.T#=Course.T# and Teacher.Tname=’叶平’ group by S# having count(SC.C#)=(select count(C#) from Course,Teacher where Teacher.T#=Course.T# and Tname=’叶平’));
8、查询所有课程成绩小于60分的同学的学号、姓名;
select S#,Sname
from Student
where S# not in (select Student.S# from Student,SC where S.S#=SC.S# and score>60);
9、查询没有学全所有课的同学的学号、姓名;
select Student.S#,Student.Sname
from Student,SC
where Student.S#=SC.S#
group by Student.S#,Student.Sname having count(C#) <(select count(C#) from Course);
10、查询至少有一门课与学号为“1001”的同学所学相同的同学的学号和姓名;
select S#,Sname
from Student,SC
where Student.S#=SC.S# and C# in (select C# from SC where S#='1001');
11、删除学习“叶平”老师课的SC表记录;
Delect SC
from course ,Teacher
where Course.C#=SC.C# and Course.T#= Teacher.T# and Tname='叶平';
12、查询各科成绩最高和最低的分:以如下形式显示:课程ID,最高分,最低分
SELECT L.C# 课程ID,L.score 最高分,R.score 最低分
FROM SC L ,SC R
WHERE L.C# = R.C#
and
L.score = (SELECT MAX(IL.score)
FROM SC IL,Student IM
WHERE IL.C# = L.C# and IM.S#=IL.S#
GROUP BY IL.C#)
and
R.Score = (SELECT MIN(IR.score)
FROM SC IR
WHERE IR.C# = R.C#
GROUP BY IR.C# );
13、查询学生平均成绩及其名次
SELECT 1+(SELECT COUNT( distinct 平均成绩)
FROM (SELECT S#,AVG(score) 平均成绩
FROM SC
GROUP BY S# ) T1
WHERE 平均成绩 > T2.平均成绩) 名次, S# 学生学号,平均成绩
FROM (SELECT S#,AVG(score) 平均成绩 FROM SC GROUP BY S# ) T2
ORDER BY 平均成绩 desc;
14、查询各科成绩前三名的记录:(不考虑成绩并列情况)
SELECT t1.S# as 学生ID,t1.C# as 课程ID,Score as 分数
FROM SC t1
WHERE score IN (SELECT TOP 3 score
FROM SC
WHERE t1.C#= C#
ORDER BY score DESC)
ORDER BY t1.C#;
15、查询每门功成绩最好的前两名
SELECT t1.S# as 学生ID,t1.C# as 课程ID,Score as 分数
FROM SC t1
WHERE score IN (SELECT TOP 2 score
FROM SC
WHERE t1.C#= C#
ORDER BY score DESC )
ORDER BY t1.C#;