当前位置: 代码迷 >> 综合 >> How to write a scientific research paper?
  详细解决方案

How to write a scientific research paper?

热度:92   发布时间:2023-11-14 11:27:32.0

 


Title:

  1. What is my paper about?
  2. What methods/techniques did I use to perform my study?
  3. What or who was the subject of my study?
  4. What were the results?

如何起一个标题:

把所有的关键词都放在一起,然后用这些关键词造一个很长的句子。

Next, create a working title:

  1. Delete unnecessary and redundant words.
  2. Keep all of the most important information.
  3. Shift some words around and rephrase to make it sound more natural.
  4. Delete all extra words and phrases to meet a suitable word count.
  5. Put keywords at the beginning and end.

字数要求:16 words or fewer


Abstract:

  1. Purpose and motivation: Why this study? Why is it important?
  2. Problem: What is your research trying to understand or solve? What is your central claim or argument?
  3. Methods: What did you do and how did you do it? Discuss only the most significant methods used.
  4. Results: trends, figures, correlations, any interesting outcomes.
  5. Conclusion: Answer the question you initially set out in the problem and purpose.

书上的顺序是

  1. Background information;
  2. Research Purpose and/or main activities.
  3. Important Research methods and/or materials.
  4. Significance Research Results;
  5. Conclusion and/or applications: 

Tips:

  1. Write the abstract last
  2. Keep your content in the correct order
  3. Write the abstract from scratch
  4. Don’t copy and paste.
  5. Only use highly relevant terms

Introduction:

  1. Research background.
  2. Review of previous studies about aspects of the research topic. Foundation
  3. Need for further study about the topic. Gap/Niche
  4. Research purpose and/or main activities of the present study. Purpose
  5. Significance of the present study. Significance

主要内容:

  1. Get the reader’s attention and interest.
  2. Give the reader a summary of previous research-what is already known about the topic.
  3. Set up your research by formulating a clear problem to be solved - what is not yet known.
  4. Propose a hypothesis to test with your experiment.

其他参考:

  • 不一定要包括hypothesis,根据文章内容决定
  • 写introduction的时候要保证说的话有证据,证据可以来自于:Logical argument / Results of your experiment / Previous research papers.
  • 在introduction中提及到参考文献的时候有两种方法。(1)xxxx(the family names of the authors+year).(2)xx and xx(year) 做了xxx.

如何总结参考文献:

    Don't copy and quote your sources, three words in a row.

  1.  Read the research paper and make sure you understand it.
  2.  Close the book and put the paper away and write notes.
  3.  Write the paper from your notes.

Methods

时态的使用:

  • Past Tense:过去的事件,已完成的事件,比如说实验时的采样或者招募志愿者等。
  • Present Tense:“永远成立”的事情,引用其他的资料,或者对图表的描述。

语态的使用:

  • 主动和被动语态都可以使用,但是被动语态强调事情本身,而主动语态强调做这件事情的人。

Results

时态的使用:

  • Past Tense:描述结论,研究的重要性,未来研究。
  • Present Tense:回顾研究目标,假设,重述重要发现。

Discussion

  1. A review(purpose) of the research objective(s) or hypothesis(s) or question(s), or a summary of the main research activities.
  2. A restatement of the most important findings.
  3. Explanations for the findings.
  4. Limitations of the research
  5. Implications of the research. Implications are basically the conclusions that you draw from your results and explain how the findings may be important for policy, practice, or theory.
  6. Suggestions on further research avenues and/or practical applications of the present research findings.

因为我们考试有排序题,所以需要区分几个段落是Introduction还是Discussion,区分条件:

  1. 如果出现result,就一定是Discussion

Introduction的顺序是:Background->Foundation->Gap/Niche->Purpose->Significance.

  1. D一定在C前面,因为D对MD做出了解释——“MD(Major Depression)”
  2. E一定在A前面,因为E中的Centrality引用了,并且字体为斜体
  3. DC一直在说Gap/Niche,BEA在说Purpose。

Discussion的顺序是:Review(Purpose)->Restatement->Explanations->Limitations->Implications->Suggestions.

  1. E是第一个选项:E段直接写了“The main purpose of this study”
  2. D一定在B的前面,因为D段说“Cyber dating abuse was associated with”,而B段中说“Cyber dating abuse was also associated with”
  3. DB->C:DB在restate文章最重要的发现,而C在对result进行解释。
  4. A一定在最后,因为谈到了limitations以及future studies

Citation

Information-prominent citation:在引用的时候,只在括号里提及作者,忽略作者在信息里的作用。

  • Students should be careful when using internet sources(Campbell, Fox & de Zwart 2011, p.11).

Author-prominent citation:在引用的时候,将作者作为主语,强调作者的作用。

  • Campbell, Fox & de Zwart (2011, p.11) advise students should be careful when using internet sources.

APA和MLA的区别:

  • APA in-text citation includes the author’s last name and the publication year. If you’re quoting or paraphrasing a specific passage, you also add a page number.
  • An MLA in-text citation includes the author’s last name and a page number.

APA

一、Reference Citations In Text

1、单一作者

格式应为“(作者姓氏(非首字母),发表年份)”。若作者姓名在文章中已被提及,只需标出年份(若需要可加上页数),仍需使用括号。多位作者以上同理。

注:作者(年份)这种形式只能在(作者姓氏(非首字母),发表年份)出现后出现

e.g.: A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, 2005). Pauling (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism.

2、两位作者

作者姓氏必须以他们的名字在其发表文章内的顺序来排序。若两个作者都在括号内引用,名字中间需加上“&”符号;若不在括号内则使用“and“。

e.g.: A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling & Liu, 2005). Pauling and Liu (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism.

3、3至5位作者

第一次引用时需列举全部的作者,往后若引用相同的文献,只需举岀最主要的作者,再加上”et al.”。但是,在参考文献部分,全部作者的姓名皆须列举出来。

e.g.: A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, Liu, Guo, 2005). Pauling, Liu and Guo (2005) conducted a study that discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism. Pauling et al. (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism. A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling et al., 2005).

4、6位作者以上

e.g.:举出第一位作者即可,格式应为 “(作者etal.,年份)”。在参考文献部分,全部作者的姓名皆须列举出来。

Pauling et al. (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism. These genetic causes by a various factors (Pauling et al., 2005).

5、多篇文献,同一作者

若一作者有多篇你想引用的文献,只需用逗号来区隔作品的发表年份(最早到最晩依序排列)。若多篇文献在同一年内发表,请在年份后面加上a、b、c……等标注。(按:abc的使用需与参考文献部分有所对应,而这些文献的编排以标题名称的字母来决定。)

A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling,2004,2005a,2005b). Pauling(2004, 2005a, 2005b) conducted a study that discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism.

6、多篇文献,多位作者

根据上一个的规则,并且使用分号隔开。排序先依照作者姓氏的字母,接着是发表年份。

A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Alford,1995; Pauling,2004,2005; Sirkis,2003).

7、直接引述

格式为“(作者,年份,页数)”,并且没有作者单立的格式。(按照最新的APA的版本直接引述的部分必须加引号,括号必须在引述的部分的引号之后,在句号之前,请参看例子,括号内必须要有具体的页数)

When asked why his behavior had changed so dramatically, Max simply said, “I think it's the reinforcement” (Pauling, 2004, p. 69).

二、 Reference List

1.书籍:

Sheril, R. D., (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television, San Diego: Halstead.

标准格式:作者的姓(全称),名字缩写,(年份).书名(斜体).版权所在城市或者出版社城市:出版社

(标中的标点符号容易被忽略)

特例:

(1)两位作者以上合著的书籍

基本与普通格式相同,但是在罗列作者的时候注意按照原书的顺序列出,且用&符号

Smith, J., Peter,& Q., (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University Press.

(2)有作者的书

标准格式: 书名年份,出版社,版权所在城市或者出版社城市

EFL learning in Chinese 2000, Boston: ABC publication

文中引用表示为(书名,年份)或者书名(年份)

(3)只有编者的书

编者的姓(全称), 名字缩写, (e.d.) (年份).书名(斜体).版权所在城市或者出版社城市:出版社

Kasteamren, L, (e.d.) (1994). The English, Language: Oxford: Penguin Books.

文中引用与单作者相同

(4)电子书

标准格式: 作者的姓(全称),名字缩写(年件和名(斜体),版权所在城市或者出版社城市:出版社[ onlinelAvailabfe ats网址>(最近可用时间,精确到分钟)

Harmer,J, (2009) How to teach English. Harlow: Pearson Longman. [online] Available at<http://www.xxx.aaa/x/xxxx> (18/03/2011 02:47)

这个最近可用时间是指你最后一次浏览这个网站,并确认它是可用的时间。

注意标出的部分的符号运用

(5)报告

标准格式: 组织名称(全称),(年份).报告名(斜体).版权所在城市或者出版城市:出版社

Cambridge Language School(2003). Report of the Language Instinct. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

在文中引用时将作者名替换成组织名即可。

2.出版物中的文章:

(1)文集中的文章:

标准格式:作者的姓(全称),名字绾写,(年份).文章名(斜体). In编者的姓(全称) ,编者名字缩写(e.d.),文集名(不斜体). 文集版权所在城市或者出版社城市:出版社.

Mcdonalds, A., (1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural http://entities.In Yeager, G. L(Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application. London: Other World Books.

(2)期刊中的文章(美国式):

标准格式:作者的姓(全称),名字缩写,(年份).文章名(斜体).期刊名字(不斜体),总第几期,页码.

Rottweiler, F. T., (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. American Studies Journal,54,66-146.

(3)期刊中的文章 (欧洲式):

标准格式:作者的姓(全称),名字绾写,(年份).文章名(斜体).期刊名字(不斜体),Vol.(第几卷),No.(第几期),pp.(页码).

Rottweiler, F. T., (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian Studies Journal, Vol 54, No. 2, pp. 66-146.

(4)月刊杂志中的文章:

标准格式:作者的姓(全称),名字缩写,(出版年月日).文章名(斜体).月刊名字(不斜体),总第几期,页码.

Henry, W.A.,(1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools Time,135,28-31.

(5)报纸中的文章:

标准格式:作者的姓(全称),名字缩写,(出版年月日).文章名)。报纸名字(不斜体),p.(第几版).

Wrong, M.(2005, August 17). Misquotes are “Problematastic" says Mayor. Toronto Sol., p.4.

3.网上资源:

(原则上来说只要是从网上找到的材料都要加[online]Available at<网址>(最近可用时间,精确到分钟)的格式,这是通用的)

(1)网上的文章

作者的姓(全称),名字缩写,(年份).文章名(斜体).[online]Available at<网址>(最近可用时间,精确到分钟)

Wu,Y.,(2001). English language teaching in China: challenges and trends [online]Available at<http://www.xxx.aaa/xxx/xxx>(18/03/2011 02:47)

(2)网上的文章无作者

文章名(不斜体),(年份).[online] Available at<网址>(最近可用时间,精确到分钟)

English language teaching in China: challenges and trends (2001).[online]Available at<http://http://www.xxx.aaa/xxx/xxx>(18/03/2011 02:47)

在文中引用

4.其它:

(1)储存于光碟的书籍

Nix, G.(2002). Lirael, Daughter of the Clayr [CD]. New York: Random House

(2)储存于录音带的书籍

Nix, G. (2002). Lirael, Daughter of the Clayr [Cassette Recording No.1999]. New York: Random House

媒介非纸质的文档通用在文章名后加[媒介]表示运用的媒介。

  相关解决方案