Title:
- What is my paper about?
- What methods/techniques did I use to perform my study?
- What or who was the subject of my study?
- What were the results?
如何起一个标题:
把所有的关键词都放在一起,然后用这些关键词造一个很长的句子。
Next, create a working title:
- Delete unnecessary and redundant words.
- Keep all of the most important information.
- Shift some words around and rephrase to make it sound more natural.
- Delete all extra words and phrases to meet a suitable word count.
- Put keywords at the beginning and end.
字数要求:16 words or fewer
Abstract:
- Purpose and motivation: Why this study? Why is it important?
- Problem: What is your research trying to understand or solve? What is your central claim or argument?
- Methods: What did you do and how did you do it? Discuss only the most significant methods used.
- Results: trends, figures, correlations, any interesting outcomes.
- Conclusion: Answer the question you initially set out in the problem and purpose.
书上的顺序是:
- Background information;
- Research Purpose and/or main activities.
- Important Research methods and/or materials.
- Significance Research Results;
- Conclusion and/or applications:
Tips:
- Write the abstract last
- Keep your content in the correct order
- Write the abstract from scratch
- Don’t copy and paste.
- Only use highly relevant terms
Introduction:
- Research background.
- Review of previous studies about aspects of the research topic. Foundation
- Need for further study about the topic. Gap/Niche
- Research purpose and/or main activities of the present study. Purpose
- Significance of the present study. Significance
主要内容:
- Get the reader’s attention and interest.
- Give the reader a summary of previous research-what is already known about the topic.
- Set up your research by formulating a clear problem to be solved - what is not yet known.
- Propose a hypothesis to test with your experiment.
其他参考:
- 不一定要包括hypothesis,根据文章内容决定
- 写introduction的时候要保证说的话有证据,证据可以来自于:Logical argument / Results of your experiment / Previous research papers.
- 在introduction中提及到参考文献的时候有两种方法。(1)xxxx(the family names of the authors+year).(2)xx and xx(year) 做了xxx.
如何总结参考文献:
Don't copy and quote your sources, three words in a row.
- Read the research paper and make sure you understand it.
- Close the book and put the paper away and write notes.
- Write the paper from your notes.
Methods
时态的使用:
- Past Tense:过去的事件,已完成的事件,比如说实验时的采样或者招募志愿者等。
- Present Tense:“永远成立”的事情,引用其他的资料,或者对图表的描述。
语态的使用:
- 主动和被动语态都可以使用,但是被动语态强调事情本身,而主动语态强调做这件事情的人。
Results
时态的使用:
- Past Tense:描述结论,研究的重要性,未来研究。
- Present Tense:回顾研究目标,假设,重述重要发现。
Discussion
- A review(purpose) of the research objective(s) or hypothesis(s) or question(s), or a summary of the main research activities.
- A restatement of the most important findings.
- Explanations for the findings.
- Limitations of the research
- Implications of the research. Implications are basically the conclusions that you draw from your results and explain how the findings may be important for policy, practice, or theory.
- Suggestions on further research avenues and/or practical applications of the present research findings.
因为我们考试有排序题,所以需要区分几个段落是Introduction还是Discussion,区分条件:
- 如果出现result,就一定是Discussion
Introduction的顺序是:Background->Foundation->Gap/Niche->Purpose->Significance.
- D一定在C前面,因为D对MD做出了解释——“MD(Major Depression)”
- E一定在A前面,因为E中的Centrality引用了,并且字体为斜体
- DC一直在说Gap/Niche,BEA在说Purpose。
Discussion的顺序是:Review(Purpose)->Restatement->Explanations->Limitations->Implications->Suggestions.
- E是第一个选项:E段直接写了“The main purpose of this study”
- D一定在B的前面,因为D段说“Cyber dating abuse was associated with”,而B段中说“Cyber dating abuse was also associated with”
- DB->C:DB在restate文章最重要的发现,而C在对result进行解释。
- A一定在最后,因为谈到了limitations以及future studies
Citation
Information-prominent citation:在引用的时候,只在括号里提及作者,忽略作者在信息里的作用。
- Students should be careful when using internet sources(Campbell, Fox & de Zwart 2011, p.11).
Author-prominent citation:在引用的时候,将作者作为主语,强调作者的作用。
- Campbell, Fox & de Zwart (2011, p.11) advise students should be careful when using internet sources.
APA和MLA的区别:
- APA in-text citation includes the author’s last name and the publication year. If you’re quoting or paraphrasing a specific passage, you also add a page number.
- An MLA in-text citation includes the author’s last name and a page number.
APA
一、Reference Citations In Text
1、单一作者
格式应为“(作者姓氏(非首字母),发表年份)”。若作者姓名在文章中已被提及,只需标出年份(若需要可加上页数),仍需使用括号。多位作者以上同理。
注:作者(年份)这种形式只能在(作者姓氏(非首字母),发表年份)出现后出现
e.g.: A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, 2005). Pauling (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism.
2、两位作者
作者姓氏必须以他们的名字在其发表文章内的顺序来排序。若两个作者都在括号内引用,名字中间需加上“&”符号;若不在括号内则使用“and“。
e.g.: A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling & Liu, 2005). Pauling and Liu (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism.
3、3至5位作者
第一次引用时需列举全部的作者,往后若引用相同的文献,只需举岀最主要的作者,再加上”et al.”。但是,在参考文献部分,全部作者的姓名皆须列举出来。
e.g.: A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, Liu, Guo, 2005). Pauling, Liu and Guo (2005) conducted a study that discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism. Pauling et al. (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism. A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling et al., 2005).
4、6位作者以上
e.g.:举出第一位作者即可,格式应为 “(作者etal.,年份)”。在参考文献部分,全部作者的姓名皆须列举出来。
Pauling et al. (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism. These genetic causes by a various factors (Pauling et al., 2005).
5、多篇文献,同一作者
若一作者有多篇你想引用的文献,只需用逗号来区隔作品的发表年份(最早到最晩依序排列)。若多篇文献在同一年内发表,请在年份后面加上a、b、c……等标注。(按:abc的使用需与参考文献部分有所对应,而这些文献的编排以标题名称的字母来决定。)
A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling,2004,2005a,2005b). Pauling(2004, 2005a, 2005b) conducted a study that discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism.
6、多篇文献,多位作者
根据上一个的规则,并且使用分号隔开。排序先依照作者姓氏的字母,接着是发表年份。
A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Alford,1995; Pauling,2004,2005; Sirkis,2003).
7、直接引述
格式为“(作者,年份,页数)”,并且没有作者单立的格式。(按照最新的APA的版本直接引述的部分必须加引号,括号必须在引述的部分的引号之后,在句号之前,请参看例子,括号内必须要有具体的页数)
When asked why his behavior had changed so dramatically, Max simply said, “I think it's the reinforcement” (Pauling, 2004, p. 69).
二、 Reference List
1.书籍:
Sheril, R. D., (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television, San Diego: Halstead.
标准格式:作者的姓(全称),名字缩写,(年份).书名(斜体).版权所在城市或者出版社城市:出版社
(标中的标点符号容易被忽略)
特例:
(1)两位作者以上合著的书籍
基本与普通格式相同,但是在罗列作者的时候注意按照原书的顺序列出,且用&符号
Smith, J., Peter,& Q., (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University Press.
(2)有作者的书
标准格式: 书名年份,出版社,版权所在城市或者出版社城市
EFL learning in Chinese 2000, Boston: ABC publication
文中引用表示为(书名,年份)或者书名(年份)
(3)只有编者的书
编者的姓(全称), 名字缩写, (e.d.) (年份).书名(斜体).版权所在城市或者出版社城市:出版社
Kasteamren, L, (e.d.) (1994). The English, Language: Oxford: Penguin Books.
文中引用与单作者相同
(4)电子书
标准格式: 作者的姓(全称),名字缩写(年件和名(斜体),版权所在城市或者出版社城市:出版社[ onlinelAvailabfe ats网址>(最近可用时间,精确到分钟)
Harmer,J, (2009) How to teach English. Harlow: Pearson Longman. [online] Available at<http://www.xxx.aaa/x/xxxx> (18/03/2011 02:47)
这个最近可用时间是指你最后一次浏览这个网站,并确认它是可用的时间。
注意标出的部分的符号运用
(5)报告
标准格式: 组织名称(全称),(年份).报告名(斜体).版权所在城市或者出版城市:出版社
Cambridge Language School(2003). Report of the Language Instinct. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
在文中引用时将作者名替换成组织名即可。
2.出版物中的文章:
(1)文集中的文章:
标准格式:作者的姓(全称),名字绾写,(年份).文章名(斜体). In编者的姓(全称) ,编者名字缩写(e.d.),文集名(不斜体). 文集版权所在城市或者出版社城市:出版社.
Mcdonalds, A., (1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural http://entities.In Yeager, G. L(Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application. London: Other World Books.
(2)期刊中的文章(美国式):
标准格式:作者的姓(全称),名字缩写,(年份).文章名(斜体).期刊名字(不斜体),总第几期,页码.
Rottweiler, F. T., (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. American Studies Journal,54,66-146.
(3)期刊中的文章 (欧洲式):
标准格式:作者的姓(全称),名字绾写,(年份).文章名(斜体).期刊名字(不斜体),Vol.(第几卷),No.(第几期),pp.(页码).
Rottweiler, F. T., (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian Studies Journal, Vol 54, No. 2, pp. 66-146.
(4)月刊杂志中的文章:
标准格式:作者的姓(全称),名字缩写,(出版年月日).文章名(斜体).月刊名字(不斜体),总第几期,页码.
Henry, W.A.,(1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools Time,135,28-31.
(5)报纸中的文章:
标准格式:作者的姓(全称),名字缩写,(出版年月日).文章名)。报纸名字(不斜体),p.(第几版).
Wrong, M.(2005, August 17). Misquotes are “Problematastic" says Mayor. Toronto Sol., p.4.
3.网上资源:
(原则上来说只要是从网上找到的材料都要加[online]Available at<网址>(最近可用时间,精确到分钟)的格式,这是通用的)
(1)网上的文章
作者的姓(全称),名字缩写,(年份).文章名(斜体).[online]Available at<网址>(最近可用时间,精确到分钟)
Wu,Y.,(2001). English language teaching in China: challenges and trends [online]Available at<http://www.xxx.aaa/xxx/xxx>(18/03/2011 02:47)
(2)网上的文章无作者
文章名(不斜体),(年份).[online] Available at<网址>(最近可用时间,精确到分钟)
English language teaching in China: challenges and trends (2001).[online]Available at<http://http://www.xxx.aaa/xxx/xxx>(18/03/2011 02:47)
在文中引用
4.其它:
(1)储存于光碟的书籍
Nix, G.(2002). Lirael, Daughter of the Clayr [CD]. New York: Random House
(2)储存于录音带的书籍
Nix, G. (2002). Lirael, Daughter of the Clayr [Cassette Recording No.1999]. New York: Random House
媒介非纸质的文档通用在文章名后加[媒介]表示运用的媒介。