max virtual memory areas vm.max_map_count [65530] is too low, increase to at least [262144]
问题复现：
通过 Docker 部署 Sonarqube 时，服务一直无法启动，查看 Docker 容器日志如下：
2019.12.18 15:06:12 INFO app[][o.s.a.AppFileSystem] Cleaning or creating temp directory /opt/sonarqube/temp
2019.12.18 15:06:13 INFO app[][o.s.a.es.EsSettings] Elasticsearch listening on /127.0.0.1:9001
2019.12.18 15:06:13 INFO app[][o.s.a.ProcessLauncherImpl] Launch process[[key='es', ipcIndex=1, logFilenamePrefix=es]] from [/opt/sonarqube/elasticsearch]: /opt/sonarqube/elasticsearch/bin/elasticsearch
2019.12.18 15:06:13 INFO app[][o.s.a.SchedulerImpl] Waiting for Elasticsearch to be up and running
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM warning: Option UseConcMarkSweepGC was deprecated in version 9.0 and will likely be removed in a future release.
2019.12.18 15:06:14 INFO app[][o.e.p.PluginsService] no modules loaded
2019.12.18 15:06:14 INFO app[][o.e.p.PluginsService] loaded plugin [org.elasticsearch.transport.Netty4Plugin]
tail: './logs/es.log' has appeared; following new file
2019.12.18 15:06:19 INFO es[][o.e.e.NodeEnvironment] using [1] data paths, mounts [[/opt/sonarqube/data (/dev/mapper/centos-root)]], net usable_space [8.1gb], net total_space [16.9gb], types [xfs]
2019.12.18 15:06:19 INFO es[][o.e.e.NodeEnvironment] heap size [494.9mb], compressed ordinary object pointers [true]
2019.12.18 15:06:19 INFO es[][o.e.n.Node] node name [sonarqube], node ID [ZuBtsC2oQ4GvGSkl6JTDVA]
2019.12.18 15:06:19 INFO es[][o.e.n.Node] version[6.8.0], pid[27], build[default/tar/65b6179/2019-05-15T20:06:13.172855Z], OS[Linux/3.10.0-1062.4.3.el7.x86_64/amd64], JVM[Oracle Corporation/OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM/11.0.5/11.0.5+10]
2019.12.18 15:06:19 INFO es[][o.e.n.Node] JVM arguments [-XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC, -XX:CMSInitiatingOccupancyFraction=75, -XX:+UseCMSInitiatingOccupancyOnly, -Des.networkaddress.cache.ttl=60, -Des.networkaddress.cache.negative.ttl=10, -XX:+AlwaysPreTouch, -Xss1m, -Djava.awt.headless=true, -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8, -Djna.nosys=true, -XX:-OmitStackTraceInFastThrow, -Dio.netty.noUnsafe=true, -Dio.netty.noKeySetOptimization=true, -Dio.netty.recycler.maxCapacityPerThread=0, -Dlog4j.shutdownHookEnabled=false, -Dlog4j2.disable.jmx=true, -Djava.io.tmpdir=/opt/sonarqube/temp, -XX:ErrorFile=../logs/es_hs_err_pid%p.log, -Des.enforce.bootstrap.checks=true, -Xms512m, -Xmx512m, -XX:+HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryError, -Des.path.home=/opt/sonarqube/elasticsearch, -Des.path.conf=/opt/sonarqube/temp/conf/es, -Des.distribution.flavor=default, -Des.distribution.type=tar]
2019.12.18 15:06:20 INFO es[][o.e.p.PluginsService] loaded module [analysis-common]
2019.12.18 15:06:20 INFO es[][o.e.p.PluginsService] loaded module [lang-painless]
2019.12.18 15:06:20 INFO es[][o.e.p.PluginsService] loaded module [mapper-extras]
2019.12.18 15:06:20 INFO es[][o.e.p.PluginsService] loaded module [parent-join]
2019.12.18 15:06:20 INFO es[][o.e.p.PluginsService] loaded module [percolator]
2019.12.18 15:06:20 INFO es[][o.e.p.PluginsService] loaded module [reindex]
2019.12.18 15:06:20 INFO es[][o.e.p.PluginsService] loaded module [repository-url]
2019.12.18 15:06:20 INFO es[][o.e.p.PluginsService] loaded module [transport-netty4]
2019.12.18 15:06:20 INFO es[][o.e.p.PluginsService] no plugins loaded
2019.12.18 15:06:21 WARN es[][o.e.d.c.s.Settings] [http.enabled] setting was deprecated in Elasticsearch and will be removed in a future release! See the breaking changes documentation for the next major version.
ERROR: [1] bootstrap checks failed
[1]: max virtual memory areas vm.max_map_count [65530] is too low, increase to at least [262144]
2019.12.18 15:06:23 WARN app[][o.s.a.p.AbstractManagedProcess] Process exited with exit value [es]: 78
2019.12.18 15:06:23 INFO app[][o.s.a.SchedulerImpl] Process[es] is stopped
2019.12.18 15:06:23 INFO app[][o.s.a.SchedulerImpl] SonarQube is stopped
2019.12.18 15:06:23 INFO es[][o.e.n.Node] starting ...
2019.12.18 15:06:23 INFO es[][o.e.t.TransportService] publish_address {127.0.0.1:9001}, bound_addresses {127.0.0.1:9001}
2019.12.18 15:06:23 INFO es[][o.e.b.BootstrapChecks] explicitly enforcing bootstrap checks
2019.12.18 15:06:23 ERROR es[][o.e.b.Bootstrap] node validation exception
[1] bootstrap checks failed
[1]: max virtual memory areas vm.max_map_count [65530] is too low, increase to at least [262144]
2019.12.18 15:06:23 INFO es[][o.e.n.Node] stopping ...
2019.12.18 15:06:23 INFO es[][o.e.n.Node] stopped
2019.12.18 15:06:23 INFO es[][o.e.n.Node] closing ...
2019.12.18 15:06:23 INFO es[][o.e.n.Node] closed
2019.12.18 15:06:24 INFO app[][o.s.a.AppFileSystem] Cleaning or creating temp directory /opt/sonarqube/temp
2019.12.18 15:06:24 INFO app[][o.s.a.es.EsSettings] Elasticsearch listening on /127.0.0.1:9001
2019.12.18 15:06:24 INFO app[][o.s.a.ProcessLauncherImpl] Launch process[[key='es', ipcIndex=1, logFilenamePrefix=es]] from [/opt/sonarqube/elasticsearch]: /opt/sonarqube/elasticsearch/bin/elasticsearch
2019.12.18 15:06:24 INFO app[][o.s.a.SchedulerImpl] Waiting for Elasticsearch to be up and running
2019.12.18 15:06:24 INFO app[][o.e.p.PluginsService] no modules loaded
2019.12.18 15:06:24 INFO app[][o.e.p.PluginsService] loaded plugin [org.elasticsearch.transport.Netty4Plugin]
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM warning: Option UseConcMarkSweepGC was deprecated in version 9.0 and will likely be removed in a future release.
2019.12.18 15:06:26 INFO es[][o.e.e.NodeEnvironment] using [1] data paths, mounts [[/opt/sonarqube/data (/dev/mapper/centos-root)]], net usable_space [8.1gb], net total_space [16.9gb], types [xfs]
2019.12.18 15:06:26 INFO es[][o.e.e.NodeEnvironment] heap size [494.9mb], compressed ordinary object pointers [true]
2019.12.18 15:06:26 INFO es[][o.e.n.Node] node name [sonarqube], node ID [ZuBtsC2oQ4GvGSkl6JTDVA]
2019.12.18 15:06:26 INFO es[][o.e.n.Node] version[6.8.0], pid[27], build[default/tar/65b6179/2019-05-15T20:06:13.172855Z], OS[Linux/3.10.0-1062.4.3.el7.x86_64/amd64], JVM[Oracle Corporation/OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM/11.0.5/11.0.5+10]
2019.12.18 15:06:26 INFO es[][o.e.n.Node] JVM arguments [-XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC, -XX:CMSInitiatingOccupancyFraction=75, -XX:+UseCMSInitiatingOccupancyOnly, -Des.networkaddress.cache.ttl=60, -Des.networkaddress.cache.negative.ttl=10, -XX:+AlwaysPreTouch, -Xss1m, -Djava.awt.headless=true, -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8, -Djna.nosys=true, -XX:-OmitStackTraceInFastThrow, -Dio.netty.noUnsafe=true, -Dio.netty.noKeySetOptimization=true, -Dio.netty.recycler.maxCapacityPerThread=0, -Dlog4j.shutdownHookEnabled=false, -Dlog4j2.disable.jmx=true, -Djava.io.tmpdir=/opt/sonarqube/temp, -XX:ErrorFile=../logs/es_hs_err_pid%p.log, -Des.enforce.bootstrap.checks=true, -Xms512m, -Xmx512m, -XX:+HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryError, -Des.path.home=/opt/sonarqube/elasticsearch, -Des.path.conf=/opt/sonarqube/temp/conf/es, -Des.distribution.flavor=default, -Des.distribution.type=tar]
2019.12.18 15:06:26 INFO es[][o.e.p.PluginsService] loaded module [analysis-common]
2019.12.18 15:06:26 INFO es[][o.e.p.PluginsService] loaded module [lang-painless]
2019.12.18 15:06:26 INFO es[][o.e.p.PluginsService] loaded module [mapper-extras]
2019.12.18 15:06:26 INFO es[][o.e.p.PluginsService] loaded module [parent-join]
2019.12.18 15:06:26 INFO es[][o.e.p.PluginsService] loaded module [percolator]
2019.12.18 15:06:26 INFO es[][o.e.p.PluginsService] loaded module [reindex]
2019.12.18 15:06:26 INFO es[][o.e.p.PluginsService] loaded module [repository-url]
2019.12.18 15:06:26 INFO es[][o.e.p.PluginsService] loaded module [transport-netty4]
2019.12.18 15:06:26 INFO es[][o.e.p.PluginsService] no plugins loaded
2019.12.18 15:06:28 WARN es[][o.e.d.c.s.Settings] [http.enabled] setting was deprecated in Elasticsearch and will be removed in a future release! See the breaking changes documentation for the next major version.
2019.12.18 15:06:29 INFO es[][o.e.d.DiscoveryModule] using discovery type [zen] and host providers [settings]
2019.12.18 15:06:29 INFO es[][o.e.n.Node] initialized
2019.12.18 15:06:29 INFO es[][o.e.n.Node] starting ...
2019.12.18 15:06:29 INFO es[][o.e.t.TransportService] publish_address {127.0.0.1:9001}, bound_addresses {127.0.0.1:9001}
2019.12.18 15:06:29 INFO es[][o.e.b.BootstrapChecks] explicitly enforcing bootstrap checks
2019.12.18 15:06:29 ERROR es[][o.e.b.Bootstrap] node validation exception
[1] bootstrap checks failed
[1]: max virtual memory areas vm.max_map_count [65530] is too low, increase to at least [262144]
ERROR: [1] bootstrap checks failed
[1]: max virtual memory areas vm.max_map_count [65530] is too low, increase to at least [262144]
2019.12.18 15:06:29 INFO es[][o.e.n.Node] stopping ...
2019.12.18 15:06:29 INFO es[][o.e.n.Node] stopped
2019.12.18 15:06:29 INFO es[][o.e.n.Node] closing ...
2019.12.18 15:06:30 INFO es[][o.e.n.Node] closed
2019.12.18 15:06:30 WARN app[][o.s.a.p.AbstractManagedProcess] Process exited with exit value [es]: 78
2019.12.18 15:06:30 INFO app[][o.s.a.SchedulerImpl] Process[es] is stopped
2019.12.18 15:06:30 INFO app[][o.s.a.SchedulerImpl] SonarQube is stopped
2019.12.18 15:06:29 INFO es[][o.e.n.Node] starting ...
2019.12.18 15:06:29 INFO es[][o.e.t.TransportService] publish_address {127.0.0.1:9001}, bound_addresses {127.0.0.1:9001}
2019.12.18 15:06:29 INFO es[][o.e.b.BootstrapChecks] explicitly enforcing bootstrap checks
2019.12.18 15:06:29 ERROR es[][o.e.b.Bootstrap] node validation exception
[1] bootstrap checks failed
[1]: max virtual memory areas vm.max_map_count [65530] is too low, increase to at least [262144]
2019.12.18 15:06:29 INFO es[][o.e.n.Node] stopping ...
2019.12.18 15:06:29 INFO es[][o.e.n.Node] stopped
2019.12.18 15:06:29 INFO es[][o.e.n.Node] closing ...
2019.12.18 15:06:30 INFO es[][o.e.n.Node] closed
解决方法：
# sysctl -w vm.max_map_count=262144
这种方法会在服务器重启后失效，使用如下方法进行配置持久化：
# vim /etc/sysctl.conf
vm.max_map_count = 262144
重启之后检查配置是否生效：
# sysctl vm.max_map_count