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Linux环境应用编程(六):Framebuffer

热度:114   发布时间:2023-10-24 00:18:34.0

一:Framebuffer API

1、int open(const char *pathname, int flags)

示例:

int fd_fb;

fd_fb = open("/dev/fb0", O_RDWR);

2、int ioctl(int fd, unsigned long request, ...)

示例:

struct fb_var_screeninfo var;

ioctl(fd_fb, FBIOGET_VSCREENINFO, &var)

根据request命令,设备驱动程序返回输出的数据

Linux环境应用编程(六):Framebuffer

Linux环境应用编程(六):Framebuffer

针对FBIOGET_VSCREENINFO指令返回的var为fb_var_screeninfo结构:

其中包含了LCD的相关信息:xres(x方向总像素点),yres(y方向总像素点),bits_per_pixel(每个像素点占据的位数)

Linux环境应用编程(六):Framebuffer

根据获取的信息可以计算出一些变量:

每行像素点所占据的字节:line_width  = var.xres * var.bits_per_pixel / 8;

每个像素点占据的字节:pixel_width = var.bits_per_pixel / 8;

全部像素点所占的字节:screen_size = var.xres * var.yres * var.bits_per_pixel / 8;

3、void *mmap(void *addr, size_t length, int prot, int flags,int fd, off_t offset)

示例:

unsigned char *fbmem;

fbmem = (unsigned char *)mmap(NULL , screen_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd_fb, 0);

addr:表示映射的内存起始地址,通常为NULL表示让系统自行选定,并在成功后返回该地址

length:表示需要映射内容的大小

prot:表示映射区域的保护方式

①PROT_EXEC 映射区域可被执行

②PROT_READ 映射区域可被读写

③PROT_WRITE 映射区域可被写入

④PROT_NONE 映射区域不能存取

表示映射区域的不同特性:

①MAP_SHARED 表示对映射区域写入的数据会复制回文件内,原来的文件会改变。

②MAP_PRIVATE 表示对映射区域的操作会产生一个映射文件的复制,对此区域的任何修改都不会写回原来的文件内容中。

二:FreeType环境搭建

1、下载安装包解压

tar xjf freetype-2.4.10.tar.bz2

2、配置

--host:编译工具

--prefix:配置目标目录

jun@zero:~/work/file/application/01_framebuffer/freetype-2.4.10$ ./configure --host=arm-linux-gnueabihf --prefix=/home/jun/work/tool/arm-linux-gcc/gcc-linaro-4.9.4-2017.01-x86_64_arm-linux-gnueabihf/arm-linux-gnueabihf/libc/usr

3、编译安装

编译安装前需要创建一个文件:internal

jun@zero:~/work/tool/arm-linux-gcc/gcc-linaro-4.9.4-2017.01-x86_64_arm-linux-gnueabihf/arm-linux-gnueabihf/libc/usr/include/freetype2/freetype$ mkdir internal -p

负责会出现错误:

'/home/jun/work/tool/arm-linux-gcc/gcc-linaro-4.9.4-2017.01-x86_64_arm-linux-gnueabihf/arm-linux-gnueabihf/libc/usr/include/freetype2/freetype/internal' 失败: 没有那个文件或目录

编译安装:make install

4、移动freetype库,避免后续编译文件时需要指定路径

 mv /home/jun/work/tool/arm-linux-gcc/gcc-linaro-4.9.4-2017.01-x86_64_arm-linux-gnueabihf/arm-linux-gnueabihf/libc/usr/include/freetype2/freetype /home/jun/work/tool/arm-linux-gcc/gcc-linaro-4.9.4-2017.01-x86_64_arm-linux-gnueabihf/arm-linux-gnueabihf/libc/usr/include/

三:FreeType介绍

1、头文件

#include <ft2build.h>

#include FT_FREETYPE_H

从FreeType 2.1.6开始,不再支持旧的头文件包含方案。这意味着,如果您执行以下操作,则现在会出现错误:

#include <freetype / freetype.h>

#include <freetype / ftglyph.h>

2、初始化库

创建一个FT_Librart类型的变量library,然后传入FT_Init_FreeType函数即可,成功返回0

#include <ft2build.h>
#include FT_FREETYPE_HFT_Library  library;...error = FT_Init_FreeType( &library );
if ( error )
{... an error occurred during library initialization ...
}

3、加载字体

通过调用FT_New_Face打开一个字体文件“.ttf”,从中获取一个FT_Face类型的对象face,用于描述字体。

FT_Face     face;      /* handle to face object */error = FT_New_Face( library,"/usr/share/fonts/truetype/arial.ttf",0,&face );
if ( error == FT_Err_Unknown_File_Format )
{... the font file could be opened and read, but it appears... that its font format is unsupported
}
else if ( error )
{... another error code means that the font file could not... be opened or read, or simply that it is broken...
}

如果字体文件已经被加载进内存中,则可以使用FT_New_Memory_Face()来获取对象face而不再是字体文件路径,需要注意的是在释放内存之前不能调用FT_Done_Face()

error = FT_New_Memory_Face( library,buffer,    /* first byte in memory */size,      /* size in bytes        */0,         /* face_index           */&face );

4、访问face

可以通过引用来直接访问face数据

FT_GlyphSlot  slot;
slot = face->glyph;

5、设置像素大小

a.对于一个300x300dpi的设备,字符大小设置为16pt

  error = FT_Set_Char_Size(face,    /* handle to face object           */0,       /* char_width in 1/64th of points  */16*64,   /* char_height in 1/64th of points */300,     /* horizontal device resolution    */300 );   /* vertical device resolution      */

b.自己指定像素大小,其中一个维度的值为0表示与另一个维度相同

  error = FT_Set_Pixel_Sizes(face,   /* handle to face object */0,      /* pixel_width           */16 );   /* pixel_height          */

6、字形转换

加载字形图像时,可以进行指定变换,仅仅适用于矢量字体格式

FT_Vector     pen;
FT_Matrix	  matrix;				  /* transformation matrix */error = FT_Set_Transform(face,       /* target face object    */&matrix,    /* pointer to 2x2 matrix */&pen);   /* pointer to 2d vector  */

7、字体加载

wchar_t *chinese_str = L"繁";
error = FT_Load_Char( face, chinese_str[0], FT_LOAD_RENDER );

四:综合示例

#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <linux/fb.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <wchar.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <ft2build.h>
#include FT_FREETYPE_H
#include FT_GLYPH_H#define FONTDATAMAX 4096static const unsigned char fontdata_8x16[FONTDATAMAX] = {
... .../* 1 0x01 '^A' */0x00, /* 00000000 */0x00, /* 00000000 */0x7e, /* 01111110 */0x81, /* 10000001 */0xa5, /* 10100101 */0x81, /* 10000001 */0x81, /* 10000001 */0xbd, /* 10111101 */0x99, /* 10011001 */0x81, /* 10000001 */0x81, /* 10000001 */0x7e, /* 01111110 */0x00, /* 00000000 */0x00, /* 00000000 */0x00, /* 00000000 */0x00, /* 00000000 */
... ...
}
int fd_fb;
struct fb_var_screeninfo var;	/* Current var */
int screen_size;
unsigned char *fbmem;
unsigned int line_width;
unsigned int pixel_width;int fd_hzk16;
struct stat hzk_stat;
unsigned char *hzkmem;/*********************************************************************** 函数名称: lcd_put_pixel* 功能描述: 在LCD指定位置上输出指定颜色(描点)* 输入参数: x坐标,y坐标,颜色* 输出参数: 无***********************************************************************/ 
void lcd_put_pixel(int x, int y, unsigned int color)
{unsigned char *pen_8 = fbmem+y*line_width+x*pixel_width;unsigned short *pen_16;	unsigned int *pen_32;	unsigned int red, green, blue;	pen_16 = (unsigned short *)pen_8;pen_32 = (unsigned int *)pen_8;switch (var.bits_per_pixel){case 8:{*pen_8 = color;break;}case 16:{/* 565 */red   = (color >> 16) & 0xff;green = (color >> 8) & 0xff;blue  = (color >> 0) & 0xff;color = ((red >> 3) << 11) | ((green >> 2) << 5) | (blue >> 3);*pen_16 = color;break;}case 32:{*pen_32 = color;break;}default:{printf("can't surport %dbpp\n", var.bits_per_pixel);break;}}
}
/*********************************************************************** 函数名称: lcd_put_ascii* 功能描述: 在LCD指定位置上显示一个8*16的字符* 输入参数: x坐标,y坐标,ascii码***********************************************************************/ 
void lcd_put_ascii(int x, int y, unsigned char c)
{unsigned char *dots = (unsigned char *)&fontdata_8x16[c*16];int i, b;unsigned char byte;for (i = 0; i < 16; i++){byte = dots[i];for (b = 7; b >= 0; b--){if (byte & (1<<b)){/* show */lcd_put_pixel(x+7-b, y+i, 0xffffff); /* 白 */}else{/* hide */lcd_put_pixel(x+7-b, y+i, 0); /* 黑 */}}}
}
/*********************************************************************** 函数名称: lcd_put_chinese* 功能描述: 在LCD指定位置上显示一个16*16的汉字* 输入参数: x坐标,y坐标,ascii码***********************************************************************/ 
void lcd_put_chinese(int x, int y, unsigned char *str)
{unsigned int area  = str[0] - 0xA1;unsigned int where = str[1] - 0xA1;unsigned char *dots = hzkmem + (area * 94 + where)*32;unsigned char byte;int i, j, b;for (i = 0; i < 16; i++)for (j = 0; j < 2; j++){byte = dots[i*2 + j];for (b = 7; b >=0; b--){if (byte & (1<<b)){/* show */lcd_put_pixel(x+j*8+7-b, y+i, 0xffffff); /* 白 */}else{/* hide */lcd_put_pixel(x+j*8+7-b, y+i, 0); /* 黑 */}}}}/*********************************************************************** 函数名称: draw_bitmap* 功能描述: 根据bitmap位图,在LCD指定位置显示汉字* 输入参数: x坐标,y坐标,位图指针***********************************************************************/ 
void
draw_bitmap( FT_Bitmap*  bitmap,FT_Int      x,FT_Int      y)
{FT_Int  i, j, p, q;FT_Int  x_max = x + bitmap->width;FT_Int  y_max = y + bitmap->rows;//printf("x = %d, y = %d\n", x, y);for ( i = x, p = 0; i < x_max; i++, p++ ){for ( j = y, q = 0; j < y_max; j++, q++ ){if ( i < 0      || j < 0       ||i >= var.xres || j >= var.yres )continue;//image[j][i] |= bitmap->buffer[q * bitmap->width + p];lcd_put_pixel(i, j, bitmap->buffer[q * bitmap->width + p]);}}
}int main(int argc, char **argv)
{unsigned char str[] = "中";wchar_t *chinese_str = L"繁";FT_Library	  library;FT_Face 	  face;int error;FT_Vector     pen;FT_GlyphSlot  slot;FT_Matrix	  matrix;				  /* transformation matrix */double        angle;if (argc != 3){printf("Usage : %s <font_file> <angle>\n", argv[0]);return -1;}fd_fb = open("/dev/fb0", O_RDWR);if (fd_fb < 0){printf("can't open /dev/fb0\n");return -1;}if (ioctl(fd_fb, FBIOGET_VSCREENINFO, &var)){printf("can't get var\n");return -1;}line_width  = var.xres * var.bits_per_pixel / 8;pixel_width = var.bits_per_pixel / 8;screen_size = var.xres * var.yres * var.bits_per_pixel / 8;fbmem = (unsigned char *)mmap(NULL , screen_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd_fb, 0);if (fbmem == (unsigned char *)-1){printf("can't mmap\n");return -1;}fd_hzk16 = open("HZK16", O_RDONLY);if (fd_hzk16 < 0){printf("can't open HZK16\n");return -1;}if(fstat(fd_hzk16, &hzk_stat)){printf("can't get fstat\n");return -1;}hzkmem = (unsigned char *)mmap(NULL , hzk_stat.st_size, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, fd_hzk16, 0);if (hzkmem == (unsigned char *)-1){printf("can't mmap for hzk16\n");return -1;}/* 清屏: 全部设为黑色 */memset(fbmem, 0, screen_size);lcd_put_ascii(var.xres/2, var.yres/2, 'A');printf("chinese code: %02x %02x\n", str[0], str[1]);lcd_put_chinese(var.xres/2 + 8,  var.yres/2, str);/* 显示矢量字体 */error = FT_Init_FreeType( &library );			   /* initialize library *//* error handling omitted */error = FT_New_Face( library, argv[1], 0, &face ); /* create face object *//* error handling omitted */	slot = face->glyph;FT_Set_Pixel_Sizes(face, 24, 0);/* 确定座标:* lcd_x = var.xres/2 + 8 + 16* lcd_y = var.yres/2 + 16* 笛卡尔座标系:* x = lcd_x = var.xres/2 + 8 + 16* y = var.yres - lcd_y = var.yres/2 - 16*/pen.x = (var.xres/2 + 8 + 16) * 64;pen.y = (var.yres/2 - 16) * 64;angle = ( 1.0 * strtoul(argv[2], NULL, 0) / 360 ) * 3.14159 * 2;	  /* use 25 degrees 	*//* set up matrix */matrix.xx = (FT_Fixed)( cos( angle ) * 0x10000L );matrix.xy = (FT_Fixed)(-sin( angle ) * 0x10000L );matrix.yx = (FT_Fixed)( sin( angle ) * 0x10000L );matrix.yy = (FT_Fixed)( cos( angle ) * 0x10000L );/* set transformation */FT_Set_Transform( face, &matrix, &pen);/* load glyph image into the slot (erase previous one) */error = FT_Load_Char( face, chinese_str[0], FT_LOAD_RENDER );if (error){printf("FT_Load_Char error\n");return -1;}draw_bitmap( &slot->bitmap,slot->bitmap_left,var.yres - slot->bitmap_top);return 0;	
}