操作符优先级
以下是按评估顺序列出的操作符优先级。
优先级 | 描述 | 操作符 |
---|---|---|
1 | 后置自增和自减 | ++ , -- |
创建类型实例 | new <typename> |
|
数组元素 | <array>[<index>] |
|
访问成员 | <object>.<member> |
|
函数调用 | <func>(<args...>) |
|
小括号 | (<statement>) |
|
2 | 前置自增和自减 | ++ , -- |
一元运算的加和减 | + , - |
|
一元操作符 | delete |
|
逻辑非 | ! |
|
按位非 | ~ |
|
3 | 乘方 | ** |
4 | 乘、除和模运算 | * , / , % |
5 | 算术加和减 | + , - |
6 | 移位操作符 | << , >> |
7 | 按位与 | & |
8 | 按位异或 | ^ |
9 | 按位或 | | |
10 | 非等操作符 | < , > , <= , >= |
11 | 等于操作符 | == , != |
12 | 逻辑与 | && |
13 | 逻辑或 | || |
14 | 三元操作符 | <conditional> ? <if-true> : <if-false> |
15 | 赋值操作符 | = , |= , ^= , &= , <<= , >>= , += , -= , *= , /= , %= |
16 | 逗号 | , |
全局变量
abi.encode(...) returns (bytes)
: ABI - 对给定参数进行编码abi.encodePacked(...) returns (bytes)
:对给定参数执行 紧打包编码abi.encodeWithSelector(bytes4 selector, ...) returns (bytes)
: ABI - 对给定参数进行编码,并以给定的函数选择器作为起始的 4 字节数据一起返回abi.encodeWithSignature(string signature, ...) returns (bytes)
:等价于abi.encodeWithSelector(bytes4(keccak256(signature), ...)
block.blockhash(uint blockNumber) returns (bytes32)
:指定区块的区块哈希——仅可用于最新的 256 个区块且不包括当前区块;而 blocks 从 0.4.22 版本开始已经不推荐使用,由blockhash(uint blockNumber)
代替block.coinbase
(address
):挖出当前区块的矿工的地址block.difficulty
(uint
):当前区块的难度值block.gaslimit
(uint
):当前区块的 gas 上限block.number
(uint
):当前区块的区块号block.timestamp
(uint
):当前区块的时间戳gasleft() returns (uint256)
:剩余的 gasmsg.data
(bytes
):完整的 calldatamsg.gas
(uint
):剩余的 gas - 自 0.4.21 版本开始已经不推荐使用,由gesleft()
代替msg.sender
(address
):消息发送方(当前调用)msg.value
(uint
):随消息发送的 wei 的数量now
(uint
):当前区块的时间戳(等价于block.timestamp
)tx.gasprice
(uint
):交易的 gas pricetx.origin
(address
):交易发送方(完整调用链上的原始发送方)assert(bool condition)
:如果条件值为false
则中止执行并回退所有状态变更(用做内部错误)require(bool condition)
:如果条件值为false
则中止执行并回退所有状态变更(用做异常输入或外部组件错误)require(bool condition, string message)
:如果条件值为false
则中止执行并回退所有状态变更(用做异常输入或外部组件错误),可以同时提供错误消息revert()
:中止执行并回复所有状态变更revert(string message)
:中止执行并回复所有状态变更,可以同时提供错误消息blockhash(uint blockNumber) returns (bytes32)
:指定区块的区块哈希——仅可用于最新的 256 个区块keccak256(...) returns (bytes32)
:计算 紧打包编码 的 Ethereum-SHA-3(Keccak-256)哈希sha3(...) returns (bytes32)
:等价于keccak256
sha256(...) returns (bytes32)
:计算 紧打包编码 的 SHA-256 哈希ripemd160(...) returns (bytes20)
:计算 紧打包编码 的 RIPEMD-160 哈希ecrecover(bytes32 hash, uint8 v, bytes32 r, bytes32 s) returns (address)
:基于椭圆曲线签名找回与指定公钥关联的地址,发生错误的时候返回 0addmod(uint x, uint y, uint k) returns (uint)
:计算(x + y) % k
的值,其中加法的结果即使超过2**256
也不会被截取。从 0.5.0 版本开始会加入对k != 0
的 assert(即会在此函数开头执行assert(k != 0);
作为参数检查,译者注)。mulmod(uint x, uint y, uint k) returns (uint)
:计算(x * y) % k
的值,其中乘法的结果即使超过2**256
也不会被截取。从 0.5.0 版本开始会加入对k != 0
的 assert(即会在此函数开头执行assert(k != 0);
作为参数检查,译者注)。this
(类型为当前合约的变量):当前合约实例,可以准确地转换为address
super
:当前合约的上一级继承关系的合约selfdestruct(address recipient)
:销毁当前合约,把余额发送到给定地址suicide(address recipient)
:与selfdestruct
等价,但已不推荐使用<address>.balance
(uint256
): 地址类型 的余额,以 Wei 为单位<address>.send(uint256 amount) returns (bool)
:向 地址类型 发送给定数量的 Wei,失败时返回false
<address>.transfer(uint256 amount)
:向 地址类型 发送给定数量的 Wei,失败时会把错误抛出(throw)
注解
不要用 block.timestamp
、now
或者 blockhash
作为随机种子,除非你明确知道你在做什么。
时间戳和区块哈希都可以在一定程度上被矿工所影响。如果你用哈希值作为随机种子,那么例如挖矿团体中的坏人就可以使用给定的哈希来执行一个赌场功能,如果他们没赢钱,他们可以简单地换一个哈希再试。
当前区块的时间戳必须比前一个区块的时间戳大,但唯一可以确定的就是它会是权威链(主链或者主分支)上两个连续区块时间戳之间的一个数值。
注解
出于扩展性的原因,你无法取得所有区块的哈希。只有最新的 256 个区块的哈希可以拿到,其他的都将为 0。
函数可见性说明符
function myFunction() <visibility specifier> returns (bool) {return true;
}
public
:内部、外部均可见(参考为存储/状态变量创建 getter 函数)private
:仅在当前合约内可见external
:仅在外部可见(仅可修饰函数)——就是说,仅可用于消息调用(即使在合约内调用,也只能通过this.func
的方式)internal
:仅在内部可见(也就是在当前 Solidity 源代码文件内均可见,不仅限于当前合约内,译者注)
修改器
pure
修饰函数时:不允许修改或访问状态——但目前并不是强制的。view
修饰函数时:不允许修改状态——但目前不是强制的。payable
修饰函数时:允许从调用中接收 以太币Ether 。constant
修饰状态变量时:不允许赋值(除初始化以外),不会占据 存储插槽storage slot 。constant
修饰函数时:与view
等价。anonymous
修饰事件时:不把事件签名作为 topic 存储。indexed
修饰事件时:将参数作为 topic 存储。
保留字
以下是 Solidity 的保留字,未来可能会变为语法的一部分:
abstract
, after
, alias
, apply
, auto
, case
, catch
, copyof
, default
, define
, final
, immutable
, implements
, in
, inline
, let
, macro
, match
, mutable
, null
, of
, override
, partial
, promise
, reference
, relocatable
, sealed
, sizeof
, static
, supports
, switch
, try
, type
, typedef
, typeof
,unchecked
.
语法表
SourceUnit = (PragmaDirective | ImportDirective | ContractDefinition)*// Pragma actually parses anything up to the trailing ';' to be fully forward-compatible.
PragmaDirective = 'pragma' Identifier ([^;]+) ';'ImportDirective = 'import' StringLiteral ('as' Identifier)? ';'| 'import' ('*' | Identifier) ('as' Identifier)? 'from' StringLiteral ';'| 'import' '{' Identifier ('as' Identifier)? ( ',' Identifier ('as' Identifier)? )* '}' 'from' StringLiteral ';'ContractDefinition = ( 'contract' | 'library' | 'interface' ) Identifier( 'is' InheritanceSpecifier (',' InheritanceSpecifier )* )?'{' ContractPart* '}'ContractPart = StateVariableDeclaration | UsingForDeclaration| StructDefinition | ModifierDefinition | FunctionDefinition | EventDefinition | EnumDefinitionInheritanceSpecifier = UserDefinedTypeName ( '(' Expression ( ',' Expression )* ')' )?StateVariableDeclaration = TypeName ( 'public' | 'internal' | 'private' | 'constant' )* Identifier ('=' Expression)? ';'
UsingForDeclaration = 'using' Identifier 'for' ('*' | TypeName) ';'
StructDefinition = 'struct' Identifier '{'( VariableDeclaration ';' (VariableDeclaration ';')* ) '}'ModifierDefinition = 'modifier' Identifier ParameterList? Block
ModifierInvocation = Identifier ( '(' ExpressionList? ')' )?FunctionDefinition = 'function' Identifier? ParameterList( ModifierInvocation | StateMutability | 'external' | 'public' | 'internal' | 'private' )*( 'returns' ParameterList )? ( ';' | Block )
EventDefinition = 'event' Identifier EventParameterList 'anonymous'? ';'EnumValue = Identifier
EnumDefinition = 'enum' Identifier '{' EnumValue? (',' EnumValue)* '}'ParameterList = '(' ( Parameter (',' Parameter)* )? ')'
Parameter = TypeName StorageLocation? Identifier?EventParameterList = '(' ( EventParameter (',' EventParameter )* )? ')'
EventParameter = TypeName 'indexed'? Identifier?FunctionTypeParameterList = '(' ( FunctionTypeParameter (',' FunctionTypeParameter )* )? ')'
FunctionTypeParameter = TypeName StorageLocation?// semantic restriction: mappings and structs (recursively) containing mappings
// are not allowed in argument lists
VariableDeclaration = TypeName StorageLocation? IdentifierTypeName = ElementaryTypeName| UserDefinedTypeName| Mapping| ArrayTypeName| FunctionTypeNameUserDefinedTypeName = Identifier ( '.' Identifier )*Mapping = 'mapping' '(' ElementaryTypeName '=>' TypeName ')'
ArrayTypeName = TypeName '[' Expression? ']'
FunctionTypeName = 'function' FunctionTypeParameterList ( 'internal' | 'external' | StateMutability )*( 'returns' FunctionTypeParameterList )?
StorageLocation = 'memory' | 'storage' | 'calldata'
StateMutability = 'pure' | 'constant' | 'view' | 'payable'Block = '{' Statement* '}'
Statement = IfStatement | WhileStatement | ForStatement | Block | InlineAssemblyStatement |( DoWhileStatement | PlaceholderStatement | Continue | Break | Return |Throw | EmitStatement | SimpleStatement ) ';'ExpressionStatement = Expression
IfStatement = 'if' '(' Expression ')' Statement ( 'else' Statement )?
WhileStatement = 'while' '(' Expression ')' Statement
PlaceholderStatement = '_'
SimpleStatement = VariableDefinition | ExpressionStatement
ForStatement = 'for' '(' (SimpleStatement)? ';' (Expression)? ';' (ExpressionStatement)? ')' Statement
InlineAssemblyStatement = 'assembly' StringLiteral? InlineAssemblyBlock
DoWhileStatement = 'do' Statement 'while' '(' Expression ')'
Continue = 'continue'
Break = 'break'
Return = 'return' Expression?
Throw = 'throw'
EmitStatement = 'emit' FunctionCall
VariableDefinition = ('var' IdentifierList | VariableDeclaration | '(' VariableDeclaration? (',' VariableDeclaration? )* ')' ) ( '=' Expression )?
IdentifierList = '(' ( Identifier? ',' )* Identifier? ')'// Precedence by order (see github.com/ethereum/solidity/pull/732)
Expression= Expression ('++' | '--')| NewExpression| IndexAccess| MemberAccess| FunctionCall| '(' Expression ')'| ('!' | '~' | 'delete' | '++' | '--' | '+' | '-') Expression| Expression '**' Expression| Expression ('*' | '/' | '%') Expression| Expression ('+' | '-') Expression| Expression ('<<' | '>>') Expression| Expression '&' Expression| Expression '^' Expression| Expression '|' Expression| Expression ('<' | '>' | '<=' | '>=') Expression| Expression ('==' | '!=') Expression| Expression '&&' Expression| Expression '||' Expression| Expression '?' Expression ':' Expression| Expression ('=' | '|=' | '^=' | '&=' | '<<=' | '>>=' | '+=' | '-=' | '*=' | '/=' | '%=') Expression| PrimaryExpressionPrimaryExpression = BooleanLiteral| NumberLiteral| HexLiteral| StringLiteral| TupleExpression| Identifier| ElementaryTypeNameExpressionExpressionList = Expression ( ',' Expression )*
NameValueList = Identifier ':' Expression ( ',' Identifier ':' Expression )*FunctionCall = Expression '(' FunctionCallArguments ')'
FunctionCallArguments = '{' NameValueList? '}'| ExpressionList?NewExpression = 'new' TypeName
MemberAccess = Expression '.' Identifier
IndexAccess = Expression '[' Expression? ']'BooleanLiteral = 'true' | 'false'
NumberLiteral = ( HexNumber | DecimalNumber ) (' ' NumberUnit)?
NumberUnit = 'wei' | 'szabo' | 'finney' | 'ether'| 'seconds' | 'minutes' | 'hours' | 'days' | 'weeks' | 'years'
HexLiteral = 'hex' ('"' ([0-9a-fA-F]{2})* '"' | '\'' ([0-9a-fA-F]{2})* '\'')
StringLiteral = '"' ([^"\r\n\\] | '\\' .)* '"'
Identifier = [a-zA-Z_$] [a-zA-Z_$0-9]*HexNumber = '0x' [0-9a-fA-F]+
DecimalNumber = [0-9]+ ( '.' [0-9]* )? ( [eE] [0-9]+ )?TupleExpression = '(' ( Expression? ( ',' Expression? )* )? ')'| '[' ( Expression ( ',' Expression )* )? ']'ElementaryTypeNameExpression = ElementaryTypeNameElementaryTypeName = 'address' | 'bool' | 'string' | 'var'| Int | Uint | Byte | Fixed | UfixedInt = 'int' | 'int8' | 'int16' | 'int24' | 'int32' | 'int40' | 'int48' | 'int56' | 'int64' | 'int72' | 'int80' | 'int88' | 'int96' | 'int104' | 'int112' | 'int120' | 'int128' | 'int136' | 'int144' | 'int152' | 'int160' | 'int168' | 'int176' | 'int184' | 'int192' | 'int200' | 'int208' | 'int216' | 'int224' | 'int232' | 'int240' | 'int248' | 'int256'Uint = 'uint' | 'uint8' | 'uint16' | 'uint24' | 'uint32' | 'uint40' | 'uint48' | 'uint56' | 'uint64' | 'uint72' | 'uint80' | 'uint88' | 'uint96' | 'uint104' | 'uint112' | 'uint120' | 'uint128' | 'uint136' | 'uint144' | 'uint152' | 'uint160' | 'uint168' | 'uint176' | 'uint184' | 'uint192' | 'uint200' | 'uint208' | 'uint216' | 'uint224' | 'uint232' | 'uint240' | 'uint248' | 'uint256'Byte = 'byte' | 'bytes' | 'bytes1' | 'bytes2' | 'bytes3' | 'bytes4' | 'bytes5' | 'bytes6' | 'bytes7' | 'bytes8' | 'bytes9' | 'bytes10' | 'bytes11' | 'bytes12' | 'bytes13' | 'bytes14' | 'bytes15' | 'bytes16' | 'bytes17' | 'bytes18' | 'bytes19' | 'bytes20' | 'bytes21' | 'bytes22' | 'bytes23' | 'bytes24' | 'bytes25' | 'bytes26' | 'bytes27' | 'bytes28' | 'bytes29' | 'bytes30' | 'bytes31' | 'bytes32'Fixed = 'fixed' | ( 'fixed' [0-9]+ 'x' [0-9]+ )Ufixed = 'ufixed' | ( 'ufixed' [0-9]+ 'x' [0-9]+ )InlineAssemblyBlock = '{' AssemblyItem* '}'AssemblyItem = Identifier | FunctionalAssemblyExpression | InlineAssemblyBlock | AssemblyLocalBinding | AssemblyAssignment | AssemblyLabel | NumberLiteral | StringLiteral | HexLiteral
AssemblyLocalBinding = 'let' Identifier ':=' FunctionalAssemblyExpression
AssemblyAssignment = ( Identifier ':=' FunctionalAssemblyExpression ) | ( '=:' Identifier )
AssemblyLabel = Identifier ':'
FunctionalAssemblyExpression = Identifier '(' AssemblyItem? ( ',' AssemblyItem )* ')'