Asset Pricing:Introduction
Asset pricing is the study of the value of claims to uncertain future payments.
Two components are key to value an asset: the timing and the risk of its payments.
是什么决定了financial claims的价格?为什么价格会随时间变化,为什么不同资产的价格会不同:
- Statistical approaches look at statistical relationships between asset prices
- “Weak” economic approaches look at some basic relations that must hold between asset prices, such as the absence of risk-free profifitable strategies
- Economic models derive prices from the fundamental characteristics of an economy
假设在时间点 t t t?,我们定义payments { x t + τ } , τ ≥ 1 \{x_{t+\tau}\},\tau\geq1 { xt+τ?},τ≥1??,这些payments的价格为 p t ≈ E t ∑ τ ≥ 1 [ x t + τ ] p_t\approx\mathbb E_t\sum_{\tau\geq1}[x_{t+\tau}] pt?≈Et?∑τ≥1?[xt+τ?]。
另一种考虑financial claims的方式是根据回报: R t + 1 = p t + 1 + x t + 1 p t + 1 ? 1 R_{t+1}=\dfrac{p_{t+1}+x_{t+1}}{p_{t+1}}-1 Rt+1?=pt+1?pt+1?+xt+1???1?
excess return(超额回报):two assets i , j i,j i,j 回报之间的difference: R t + 1 e = R i , t + 1 ? R j , t + 1 R_{t+1}^e=R_{i,t+1}-R_{j,t+1} Rt+1e?=Ri,t+1??Rj,t+1?
We can interpret these three representations as follows: we can invest p t p_t pt? today and get { x t + τ } \{x_{t+\tau}\} { xt+τ?} in the future, or invest 1 unit today and get R t + 1 R_{t+1} Rt+1? in the future, or yet invest 0 units today and get R t + 1 e R_{t+1}^e Rt+1e??? in the future.
Discount News: p = E t [ m t + 1 x t + 1 ] p=E_t[m_{t+1}x_{t+1}] p=Et?[mt+1?xt+1?]