今天遇到一起ORACLE数据库宕机案例，下面是对这起数据库宕机案例的原因进行分析、解读。分析过程中顺便记录一下这个案例的前因后果，攒点经验值，培养一下分析、解决问题的能力。
案例环境：
操作系统 ：Oracle Linux Server release 5.7 64 bit
数据库版本：Oracle Database 10g Release 10.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production
案例分析：
收到告警去检查数据库时，发现实例已经宕机。检查告警日志，发现下面错误信息：
ORA-00604: error occurred at recursive SQL level 1
ORA-04031: unable to allocate 32 bytes of shared memory ("shared pool","select count(*) from sys.job...","sql area","tmp")
Mon Nov 2 11:43:00 2015
Errors in file /u01/app/oracle/admin/SCM2/bdump/scm2_cjq0_6571.trc:ORA-00604: error occurred at recursive SQL level 1
ORA-04031: unable to allocate 32 bytes of shared memory ("shared pool","select job, nvl2(last_date, ...","sql area","tmp")
Mon Nov 2 11:43:00 2015
Errors in file /u01/app/oracle/admin/SCM2/bdump/scm2_cjq0_6571.trc:ORA-00604: error occurred at recursive SQL level 1
ORA-04031: unable to allocate 32 bytes of shared memory ("shared pool","select count(*) from sys.job...","sql area","tmp")
Mon Nov 2 11:43:05 2015
Errors in file /u01/app/oracle/admin/SCM2/bdump/scm2_cjq0_6571.trc:ORA-00604: error occurred at recursive SQL level 1
ORA-04031: unable to allocate 32 bytes of shared memory ("shared pool","select job, nvl2(last_date, ...","sql area","tmp")
Mon Nov 2 11:43:05 2015
Errors in file /u01/app/oracle/admin/SCM2/bdump/scm2_cjq0_6571.trc:ORA-00604: error occurred at recursive SQL level 1
ORA-04031: unable to allocate 32 bytes of shared memory ("shared pool","select count(*) from sys.job...","sql area","tmp")
Mon Nov 2 11:43:08 2015
Errors in file /u01/app/oracle/admin/SCM2/bdump/scm2_reco_6569.trc:ORA-04031: unable to allocate 32 bytes of shared memory ("shared pool","select host,userid,password,...","sql area","tmp")
Mon Nov 2 11:43:08 2015
RECO: terminating instance due to error 4031
Mon Nov 2 11:43:08 2015
Errors in file /u01/app/oracle/admin/SCM2/bdump/scm2_pmon_6555.trc:ORA-04031: unable to allocate bytes of shared memory ("","","","")
Instance terminated by RECO, pid = 6569
从告警日志我们可以看到ORA-00604与ORA-04031错误导致了这次宕机事故（RECO: terminating instance due to error 4031）：
$ oerr ora 4031
04031, 00000, "unable to allocate %s bytes of shared memory (\"%s\",\"%s\",\"%s\",\"%s\")"
// *Cause: More shared memory is needed than was allocated in the shared
// pool.
// *Action: If the shared pool is out of memory, either use the
// dbms_shared_pool package to pin large packages,
// reduce your use of shared memory, or increase the amount of
// available shared memory by increasing the value of the
// INIT.ORA parameters "shared_pool_reserved_size" and
// "shared_pool_size".
// If the large pool is out of memory, increase the INIT.ORA
// parameter "large_pool_size".
一般出现ORA-04031错误可能由两个原因引起：
1：内存中存在大量碎片，导致在分配内存的时候，没有连续的内存可存放，此问题一般是需要在开发的角度上入手，比如增加绑定变量，减少硬解析来改善和避免；
2.内存容量不足，需要扩大内存。
这台机器分配的物理内存为8G，结果检查发现SGA只分配了1168M，不到2G，瞬时碉堡了。此时真是很无语。ASH Report分析宕机前后的Buffer Cache和Shared Pool大小如下所示。
查看跟踪文件，可以看到SGA: allocation forcing component growth等待事件，可以确认的是由于SGA无法增长导致，也就是SGA被撑爆了，结合ASH Report我们可以看到当时Shared Pool的大小已经接近SGA的69.6%大小。
SO: 0xa617d9c0, type: 4, owner: 0xa8a26c68, flag: INIT/-/-/0x00
(session) sid: 932 trans: (nil), creator: 0xa8a26c68, flag: (51) USR/- BSY/-/-/-/-/-
DID: 0001-000A-00000003, short-term DID: 0000-0000-00000000
txn branch: (nil)
oct: 0, prv: 0, sql: (nil), psql: (nil), user: 0/SYS
last wait for 'SGA: allocation forcing component growth' blocking sess=0x(nil) seq=51324 wait_time=10714 seconds since wait started=0
=0, =0, =0
Dumping Session Wait History
for 'SGA: allocation forcing component growth' count=1 wait_time=10714
=0, =0, =0
for 'SGA: allocation forcing component growth' count=1 wait_time=10512
=0, =0, =0
for 'latch: shared pool' count=1 wait_time=892
address=600e7320, number=d6, tries=0
for 'latch: shared pool' count=1 wait_time=28
address=600e7320, number=d6, tries=0
for 'latch: shared pool' count=1 wait_time=51
address=600e7320, number=d6, tries=0
for 'latch: shared pool' count=1 wait_time=114
address=600e7320, number=d6, tries=0
for 'latch: shared pool' count=1 wait_time=120
address=600e7320, number=d6, tries=0
for 'latch: library cache' count=1 wait_time=33
address=a3fa46e8, number=d7, tries=1
结合上面的一些分析，可以断定SGA的不合理设置导致shared pool的内存被全部耗尽，SGA被撑爆了。于是调整SGA的参数才是解决问题的正确对策。另外考虑到这个数据库也正常运行了较长一段时间，也分析了一下awr、addm报告，发现系统的硬解析相当严重。另外通过下面脚本观察了一段时间shared pool的变化，发现其收缩、增长较频繁。
SELECT start_time, component,
oper_type,
oper_mode,
initial_size / 1024 / 1024 "INITIAL",
final_size / 1024 / 1024 "FINAL",
end_time
FROM v$sga_resize_ops WHERE component IN ( 'DEFAULT buffer cache', 'shared pool' )
AND status = 'COMPLETE'
ORDER BY start_time,
component;
这个可以通过设置数据库参数SHARED_POOL_SIZE，保证SHARED_POOL_SIZE大小不会由于内存紧张而低于这个大小，另外可以设置SGA resize的时间间隔
ALTER SYSTEM SET “_memory_broker_stat_interval”=n SCOPE=SPFILE;
问题虽然解决了，但是真正需要反思的是为什么这个SGA_MAX_SIZE设置为1168M大小的事情！而且没有在巡检当中被发现。
参考资料：
http://blog.csdn.net/wenzhongyan/article/details/29866845
http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid-20802110-id-4188357.html