事务具有ACID四种特性。
但是Isolation并发可能引起如下问题:
1.脏读
允许读取到未提交的脏数据。
2.不可重复读
如果你在时间点T1读取了一些记录,在T2时再想重新读取一次同样的这些记录时,这些记录可能已经被改变、或者消失不见。
3.幻读
解决了不重复读,保证了同一个事务里,查询的结果都是事务开始时的状态(一致性)。但是,如果另一个事务同时提交了新数据,本事务再更新时,就会“惊奇的”发现了这些新数据,貌似之前读到的数据是“鬼影”一样的幻觉。
?
由ANSI/ISO定义的SQL-92标准定义的四种隔离级别
1.Read Uncommitted
2.Read Committed
3.Repeatable Read
4.Serializable
?
隔离解别 | 脏读 | 不可重复读 | 幻读 |
Read Uncommitted | Y | Y | Y |
Read Committed | N | Y | Y |
Repeatable(default) | N | N | Y |
Serializable | N | N | N |
?
下面用Mysql数据库做一些小实验
Mysql 版本号
?
- mysql>?select?version();??
- +------------+ ??
- |?version()??|??
- +------------+ ??
- |?5.1.52-log?|??
- +------------+ ??
- 1?row?in?set?(0.00?sec)??
mysql> select version();+------------+| version() |+------------+| 5.1.52-log |+------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)
?
?
查看InnoDB存储引擎 系统级的隔离级别 和 会话级的隔离级别
- mysql>?select?@@global.tx_isolation,@@tx_isolation;??
- +-----------------------+-----------------+ ??
- |?@@global.tx_isolation?|?@@tx_isolation??|??
- +-----------------------+-----------------+ ??
- |?REPEATABLE-READ???????|?REPEATABLE-READ?|??
- +-----------------------+-----------------+ ??
- 1?row?in?set?(0.00?sec)??
mysql> select @@global.tx_isolation,@@tx_isolation;+-----------------------+-----------------+| @@global.tx_isolation | @@tx_isolation |+-----------------------+-----------------+| REPEATABLE-READ | REPEATABLE-READ |+-----------------------+-----------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)
更改会话级的隔离级别
?
- Session?1:??
- mysql>?set?session?tx_isolation='read-uncommitted';??
- Query?OK,?0?rows?affected?(0.00?sec)??
- mysql>?select?@@global.tx_isolation,@@tx_isolation;??
- +-----------------------+------------------+ ??
- |?@@global.tx_isolation?|?@@tx_isolation???|??
- +-----------------------+------------------+ ??
- |?REPEATABLE-READ???????|?READ-UNCOMMITTED?|??
- +-----------------------+------------------+ ??
- 1?row?in?set?(0.00?sec)??
- ??
- ??
- Session?2:??
- mysql>?select?@@global.tx_isolation,?@@tx_isolation;??
- +-----------------------+-----------------+ ??
- |?@@global.tx_isolation?|?@@tx_isolation??|??
- +-----------------------+-----------------+ ??
- |?REPEATABLE-READ???????|?REPEATABLE-READ?|??
- +-----------------------+-----------------+ ??
- 1?row?in?set?(0.00?sec)??
Session 1:mysql> set session tx_isolation='read-uncommitted';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> select @@global.tx_isolation,@@tx_isolation;+-----------------------+------------------+| @@global.tx_isolation | @@tx_isolation |+-----------------------+------------------+| REPEATABLE-READ | READ-UNCOMMITTED |+-----------------------+------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)Session 2:mysql> select @@global.tx_isolation, @@tx_isolation;+-----------------------+-----------------+| @@global.tx_isolation | @@tx_isolation |+-----------------------+-----------------+| REPEATABLE-READ | REPEATABLE-READ |+-----------------------+-----------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)
更改系统级的隔离级别
?
?
- Session?1:??
- mysql>?set?global?tx_isolation='read-uncommitted';??
- Query?OK,?0?rows?affected?(0.00?sec)??
- mysql>?select?@@global.tx_isolation,@@tx_isolation;??
- +-----------------------+------------------+ ??
- |?@@global.tx_isolation?|?@@tx_isolation???|??
- +-----------------------+------------------+ ??
- |?READ-UNCOMMITTED??????|?READ-UNCOMMITTED?|??
- +-----------------------+------------------+ ??
- 1?row?in?set?(0.00?sec)??
- ??
- Session?2:??
- mysql>?select?@@global.tx_isolation,?@@tx_isolation;??
- +-----------------------+-----------------+ ??
- |?@@global.tx_isolation?|?@@tx_isolation??|??
- +-----------------------+-----------------+ ??
- |?READ-UNCOMMITTED??????|?REPEATABLE-READ?|??
- +-----------------------+-----------------+ ??
- 1?row?in?set?(0.00?sec)??
Session 1:mysql> set global tx_isolation='read-uncommitted';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> select @@global.tx_isolation,@@tx_isolation;+-----------------------+------------------+| @@global.tx_isolation | @@tx_isolation |+-----------------------+------------------+| READ-UNCOMMITTED | READ-UNCOMMITTED |+-----------------------+------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)Session 2:mysql> select @@global.tx_isolation, @@tx_isolation;+-----------------------+-----------------+| @@global.tx_isolation | @@tx_isolation |+-----------------------+-----------------+| READ-UNCOMMITTED | REPEATABLE-READ |+-----------------------+-----------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)
?
关闭SQL语句的自动提交
?
- mysql>?set?autocommit=off;??
- Query?OK,?0?rows?affected?(0.00?sec)??
mysql> set autocommit=off;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
?
查看SQL语句自动提交是否关闭
?
- mysql>?show?variables?like?'autocommit';??
- +---------------+-------+??
- |?Variable_name?|?Value?|??
- +---------------+-------+??
- |?autocommit????|?OFF???|??
- +---------------+-------+??
- 1?row?in?set?(0.00?sec)??
mysql> show variables like 'autocommit';+---------------+-------+| Variable_name | Value |+---------------+-------+| autocommit | OFF |+---------------+-------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)
建立实验表
?
?
?
- mysql>?create?table?tao?(col1?tinyint?unsigned,?col2?varchar(20),?primary?key(col1));??
- Query?OK,?0?rows?affected?(0.08?sec)??
- ??
- mysql>?show?create?table?tao?\G;??
- ***************************?1.?row?***************************??
- ???????Table:?tao??
- Create?Table:?CREATE?TABLE?`tao`?(??
- ??`col1`?tinyint(3)?unsigned?NOT?NULL?DEFAULT?'0',??
- ??`col2`?varchar(20)?DEFAULT?NULL,??
- ??PRIMARY?KEY?(`col1`)??
- )?ENGINE=InnoDB?DEFAULT?CHARSET=utf8??
- 1?row?in?set?(0.00?sec)??
mysql> create table tao (col1 tinyint unsigned, col2 varchar(20), primary key(col1));Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec)mysql> show create table tao \G;*************************** 1. row *************************** Table: taoCreate Table: CREATE TABLE `tao` ( `col1` tinyint(3) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT '0', `col2` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`col1`)) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf81 row in set (0.00 sec)
演示脏读
?
?
更改隔离级别为Read Committed后,不存在脏读的问题。
?
- mysql>?set?global?tx_isolation='read-committed';??
- Query?OK,?0?rows?affected?(0.00?sec)??
- mysql>?set?session?tx_isolation='read-committed';??
- Query?OK,?0?rows?affected?(0.00?sec)??
mysql> set global tx_isolation='read-committed';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> set session tx_isolation='read-committed';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
演示不可重复读
?
?
更改隔离级别为Repeatable Read后,不存在不可重复读的问题。
?
- mysql>?set?global?tx_isolation='repeatable-read';??
- Query?OK,?0?rows?affected?(0.00?sec)??
- ??
- mysql>?set?session?tx_isolation='repeatable-read';??
- Query?OK,?0?rows?affected?(0.00?sec)??
mysql> set global tx_isolation='repeatable-read';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> set session tx_isolation='repeatable-read';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
幻读
?
?
更改隔离级别为完全串行化 Serializable 后,不存在幻读的问题。
?
- mysql>?set?global?tx_isolation='serializable';??
- Query?OK,?0?rows?affected?(0.00?sec)??
- ??
- mysql>?set?session?tx_isolation='serializable';??
- Query?OK,?0?rows?affected?(0.00?sec)??
mysql> set global tx_isolation='serializable';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> set session tx_isolation='serializable';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
在这种情况下,只允许一个事务在执行,其它事务必须等待这个事务执行完后才能执行。没有并发,只是单纯的串行。