一、理论概念
进程与线程
进程（Process）是计算机中的程序关于某数据集合上的一次运行活动，是系统进行资源分配和调度的基本单位。
线程是进程的一个实体,是CPU调度和分派的基本单位,它是比进程更小的能独立运行的基本单位.线程自己基本上不拥有系统资源,只拥有一点在运行中必不可少的资源(如程序计数器,一组寄存器和栈),但是它可与同属一个进程的其他的线程共享进程所拥有的全部资源.
进程有独立的地址空间，一个进程崩溃后，在保护模式下不会对其它进程产生影响，而线程只是一个进程中的不同执行路径。线程有自己的堆栈和局部变量，但线程之间没有单独的地址空间，一个线程死掉就等于整个进程死掉，所以多进程的程序要比多线程的程序健壮，但在进程切换时，耗费资源较大，效率要差一些。但对于一些要求同时进行并且又要共享某些变量的并发操作，只能用线程，不能用进程。
二、线程的Java实现
目前实现java线程有2种方式，继承Thread类和实现Runnable接口，重写run方法。
1、实现Runnable接口
实现 Runnable的接口的好处是实现变量的共享，多个线程使用同一个Runable对象，如上代码块中的成员变量j：
package src;/** * * @author Shawn Wang * */public class MyThread implements Runnable { private int j = 100; @Override public void run() { while (true) { if (j > 0) { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "-- num:" + j--); } else { break; } } } public static void main(String[] args) { MyThread mt = new MyThread(); Thread thread1 = new Thread(mt); Thread thread2 = new Thread(mt); Thread thread3 = new Thread(mt); thread1.start(); thread2.start(); thread3.start(); }}
输出结果：
Thread-1-- num:100Thread-3-- num:98Thread-2-- num:99Thread-2-- num:95Thread-3-- num:96Thread-1-- num:97Thread-1-- num:92Thread-1-- num:91Thread-3-- num:93Thread-3-- num:89Thread-3-- num:88Thread-2-- num:94Thread-2-- num:86Thread-2-- num:85Thread-2-- num:84Thread-3-- num:87Thread-3-- num:82Thread-1-- num:90Thread-1-- num:80Thread-3-- num:81Thread-3-- num:78Thread-3-- num:77Thread-3-- num:76Thread-3-- num:75Thread-3-- num:74Thread-2-- num:83Thread-2-- num:72Thread-2-- num:71Thread-2-- num:70Thread-3-- num:73Thread-1-- num:79Thread-3-- num:68Thread-3-- num:66Thread-3-- num:65Thread-2-- num:69Thread-2-- num:63Thread-2-- num:62Thread-2-- num:61Thread-2-- num:60Thread-2-- num:59Thread-2-- num:58Thread-2-- num:57Thread-2-- num:56Thread-2-- num:55Thread-2-- num:54Thread-2-- num:53Thread-2-- num:52Thread-3-- num:64Thread-1-- num:67Thread-3-- num:50Thread-2-- num:51Thread-3-- num:48Thread-1-- num:49Thread-3-- num:46Thread-2-- num:47Thread-3-- num:44Thread-1-- num:45Thread-3-- num:42Thread-2-- num:43Thread-3-- num:40Thread-1-- num:41Thread-3-- num:38Thread-2-- num:39Thread-3-- num:36Thread-1-- num:37Thread-3-- num:34Thread-2-- num:35Thread-3-- num:32Thread-1-- num:33Thread-3-- num:30Thread-2-- num:31Thread-3-- num:28Thread-1-- num:29Thread-3-- num:26Thread-2-- num:27Thread-3-- num:24Thread-1-- num:25Thread-3-- num:22Thread-2-- num:23Thread-3-- num:20Thread-1-- num:21Thread-3-- num:18Thread-2-- num:19Thread-3-- num:16Thread-1-- num:17Thread-3-- num:14Thread-2-- num:15Thread-3-- num:12Thread-1-- num:13Thread-3-- num:10Thread-2-- num:11Thread-3-- num:8Thread-1-- num:9Thread-3-- num:6Thread-2-- num:7Thread-3-- num:4Thread-1-- num:5Thread-3-- num:2Thread-2-- num:3Thread-1-- num:1
2、继承Thread类
package src;public class ThreadClient extends Thread { public ThreadClient(String name) { super(name); } @Override public void run() { // TODO Auto-generated method stub for (int i = 0; i <= 10; i++) { System.out.println(currentThread().getName() + ":" + i); } } public static void main(String[] args) { ThreadClient thread1 = new ThreadClient("thread1"); ThreadClient thread2 = new ThreadClient("thread1"); ThreadClient thread3 = new ThreadClient("thread1"); thread1.start(); thread2.start(); thread3.start(); }}
输出结果
thread1:0thread1:1thread1:0thread1:1thread1:0thread1:1thread1:2thread1:3thread1:4thread1:5thread1:6thread1:2thread1:2thread1:3thread1:4thread1:3thread1:4thread1:5thread1:6thread1:7thread1:7thread1:8thread1:9thread1:10thread1:5thread1:6thread1:7thread1:8thread1:9thread1:8thread1:9thread1:10thread1:10
疑问：
为什么要重写 run方法？
run方法时存储线程所要运行的代码，不能在直接调用run方法，需要通过start方法来调用。
三、线程同步
场景：如果线程进行了sleep 操作时，其他线程对共享变量做了改变，会造成数据不同步问题。
package src;/** * * @author Shawn Wang * */public class MyThread implements Runnable { private int j = 100; @Override public void run() { while (true) { if (j > 0) { try { Thread.sleep(1000);// 当前线程休眠1秒 } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "-- num:" + j--); } else { break; } } } public static void main(String[] args) { MyThread mt = new MyThread(); Thread thread1 = new Thread(mt); Thread thread2 = new Thread(mt); Thread thread3 = new Thread(mt); thread1.start(); thread2.start(); thread3.start(); }}
输出结果：
Thread-1-- num:100Thread-2-- num:99Thread-3-- num:98Thread-1-- num:97Thread-3-- num:95Thread-2-- num:96Thread-1-- num:94Thread-2-- num:92Thread-3-- num:93Thread-3-- num:91Thread-2-- num:90Thread-1-- num:90Thread-3-- num:89Thread-2-- num:88Thread-1-- num:87Thread-3-- num:86Thread-2-- num:85Thread-1-- num:85Thread-3-- num:84Thread-2-- num:83Thread-1-- num:82Thread-3-- num:81Thread-1-- num:80Thread-2-- num:80Thread-3-- num:79Thread-2-- num:77Thread-1-- num:78Thread-3-- num:76Thread-2-- num:75Thread-1-- num:74Thread-2-- num:73Thread-3-- num:71Thread-1-- num:72Thread-2-- num:70Thread-1-- num:69Thread-3-- num:69Thread-2-- num:68Thread-3-- num:66Thread-1-- num:67Thread-2-- num:65Thread-1-- num:64Thread-3-- num:64Thread-2-- num:63Thread-1-- num:62Thread-3-- num:61Thread-2-- num:60Thread-3-- num:58Thread-1-- num:59Thread-2-- num:57Thread-1-- num:56Thread-3-- num:56Thread-2-- num:55Thread-1-- num:54Thread-3-- num:54Thread-2-- num:53Thread-3-- num:52Thread-1-- num:52Thread-3-- num:51Thread-2-- num:50Thread-1-- num:51Thread-3-- num:49Thread-1-- num:48Thread-2-- num:48Thread-3-- num:47Thread-1-- num:46Thread-2-- num:45Thread-1-- num:44Thread-2-- num:42Thread-3-- num:43Thread-3-- num:40Thread-1-- num:39Thread-2-- num:41Thread-2-- num:38Thread-3-- num:37Thread-1-- num:38Thread-1-- num:36Thread-2-- num:35Thread-3-- num:36Thread-1-- num:34Thread-2-- num:33Thread-3-- num:33Thread-1-- num:32Thread-3-- num:30Thread-2-- num:31Thread-1-- num:29Thread-3-- num:29Thread-2-- num:29Thread-3-- num:28Thread-1-- num:28Thread-2-- num:28Thread-1-- num:27Thread-2-- num:26Thread-3-- num:27Thread-1-- num:25Thread-2-- num:24Thread-3-- num:24Thread-1-- num:23Thread-3-- num:22Thread-2-- num:22Thread-1-- num:21Thread-3-- num:20Thread-2-- num:20Thread-1-- num:19Thread-3-- num:18Thread-2-- num:17Thread-3-- num:16Thread-1-- num:15Thread-2-- num:14Thread-2-- num:13Thread-3-- num:12Thread-1-- num:13Thread-2-- num:11Thread-1-- num:10Thread-3-- num:10Thread-2-- num:9Thread-1-- num:7Thread-3-- num:8Thread-2-- num:6Thread-3-- num:5Thread-1-- num:5Thread-2-- num:4Thread-3-- num:3Thread-1-- num:2Thread-2-- num:1Thread-1-- num:0Thread-3-- num:-1
出现了负数。
解决加上同步锁synchronized
同步代码块的格式：
synchronized(对象){
需要被同步的代码;
}
package src;/** * * @author Shawn Wang * */public class MyThread implements Runnable { private int j = 100; @Override public void run() { while (true) { synchronized (this) { if (j > 0) { try { Thread.sleep(1000);// 当前线程休眠1秒 } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "-- num:" + j--); } else { break; } } } } public static void main(String[] args) { MyThread mt = new MyThread(); Thread thread1 = new Thread(mt); Thread thread2 = new Thread(mt); Thread thread3 = new Thread(mt); thread1.start(); thread2.start(); thread3.start(); }}