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Android异步处理3:Handler+Looper+MessageQueue深入详解

热度:212   发布时间:2016-05-01 12:15:45.0
Android异步处理三:Handler+Looper+MessageQueue深入详解

在《Android异步处理一:使用Thread+Handler实现非UI线程更新UI界面》中,我们讲到使用Thread+Handler的方式来实现界面的更新,其实是在非UI线程发送消息到UI线程,通知UI线程进行界面更新,这一篇我们将深入学习Android线程间通讯的实现原理。

概述:Android使用消息机制实现线程间的通信,线程通过Looper建立自己的消息循环,MessageQueue是FIFO的消息队列,Looper负责从MessageQueue中取出消息,并且分发到消息指定目标Handler对象。Handler对象绑定到线程的局部变量Looper,封装了发送消息和处理消息的接口。

例子:在介绍原理之前,我们先介绍Android线程通讯的一个例子,这个例子实现点击按钮之后从主线程发送消息"hello"到另外一个名为” CustomThread”的线程。

代码下载

LooperThreadActivity.java

?

[java]?view plaincopy
  1. package?com.zhuozhuo;??
  2. ??
  3. import?android.app.Activity;??
  4. import?android.os.Bundle;??
  5. import?android.os.Handler;??
  6. import?android.os.Looper;??
  7. import?android.os.Message;??
  8. import?android.util.Log;??
  9. import?android.view.View;??
  10. import?android.view.View.OnClickListener;??
  11. ??
  12. public?class?LooperThreadActivity?extends?Activity{??
  13. ????/**?Called?when?the?activity?is?first?created.?*/??
  14. ??????
  15. ????private?final?int?MSG_HELLO?=?0;??
  16. ????private?Handler?mHandler;??
  17. ??????
  18. ????@Override??
  19. ????public?void?onCreate(Bundle?savedInstanceState)?{??
  20. ????????super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);??
  21. ????????setContentView(R.layout.main);??
  22. ????????new?CustomThread().start();//新建并启动CustomThread实例??
  23. ??????????
  24. ????????findViewById(R.id.send_btn).setOnClickListener(new?OnClickListener()?{??
  25. ??????????????
  26. ????????????@Override??
  27. ????????????public?void?onClick(View?v)?{//点击界面时发送消息??
  28. ????????????????String?str?=?"hello";??
  29. ????????????????Log.d("Test",?"MainThread?is?ready?to?send?msg:"?+?str);??
  30. ????????????????mHandler.obtainMessage(MSG_HELLO,?str).sendToTarget();//发送消息到CustomThread实例??
  31. ??????????????????
  32. ????????????}??
  33. ????????});??
  34. ??????????
  35. ????}??
  36. ??????
  37. ??????
  38. ??????
  39. ??????
  40. ??????
  41. ????class?CustomThread?extends?Thread?{??
  42. ????????@Override??
  43. ????????public?void?run()?{??
  44. ????????????//建立消息循环的步骤??
  45. ????????????Looper.prepare();//1、初始化Looper??
  46. ????????????mHandler?=?new?Handler(){//2、绑定handler到CustomThread实例的Looper对象??
  47. ????????????????public?void?handleMessage?(Message?msg)?{//3、定义处理消息的方法??
  48. ????????????????????switch(msg.what)?{??
  49. ????????????????????case?MSG_HELLO:??
  50. ????????????????????????Log.d("Test",?"CustomThread?receive?msg:"?+?(String)?msg.obj);??
  51. ????????????????????}??
  52. ????????????????}??
  53. ????????????};??
  54. ????????????Looper.loop();//4、启动消息循环??
  55. ????????}??
  56. ????}??
  57. }??
main.xml

?

?

[html]?view plaincopy
  1. <?xml?version="1.0"?encoding="utf-8"?>??
  2. <LinearLayout?xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"??
  3. ????android:orientation="vertical"??
  4. ????android:layout_width="fill_parent"??
  5. ????android:layout_height="fill_parent"??
  6. ????>??
  7. <TextView????
  8. ????android:layout_width="fill_parent"???
  9. ????android:layout_height="wrap_content"???
  10. ????android:text="@string/hello"??
  11. ????/>??
  12. <Button?android:text="发送消息"?android:id="@+id/send_btn"?android:layout_width="wrap_content"?android:layout_height="wrap_content"></Button>??
  13. </LinearLayout>??

?

Log打印结果:

?

原理:

?

我们看到,为一个线程建立消息循环有四个步骤:

1、? 初始化Looper

2、? 绑定handler到CustomThread实例的Looper对象

3、? 定义处理消息的方法

4、? 启动消息循环

下面我们以这个例子为线索,深入Android源代码,说明Android Framework是如何建立消息循环,并对消息进行分发的。

1、? 初始化Looper : Looper.prepare()

Looper.java

[java]?view plaincopy
  1. private?static?final?ThreadLocal?sThreadLocal?=?new?ThreadLocal();??
  2. public?static?final?void?prepare()?{??
  3. ????????if?(sThreadLocal.get()?!=?null)?{??
  4. ????????????throw?new?RuntimeException("Only?one?Looper?may?be?created?per?thread");??
  5. ????????}??
  6. ????????sThreadLocal.set(new?Looper());??
  7. }??

一个线程在调用Looper的静态方法prepare()时,这个线程会新建一个Looper对象,并放入到线程的局部变量中,而这个变量是不和其他线程共享的(关于ThreadLocal的介绍)。下面我们看看Looper()这个构造函数:

Looper.java

[java]?view plaincopy
  1. final?MessageQueue?mQueue;??
  2. private?Looper()?{??
  3. ????????mQueue?=?new?MessageQueue();??
  4. ????????mRun?=?true;??
  5. ????????mThread?=?Thread.currentThread();??
  6. ????}??

可以看到在Looper的构造函数中,创建了一个消息队列对象mQueue,此时,调用Looper. prepare()的线程就建立起一个消息循环的对象(此时还没开始进行消息循环)。

2、? 绑定handler到CustomThread实例的Looper对象 : mHandler= new Handler()

Handler.java

[java]?view plaincopy
  1. final?MessageQueue?mQueue;??
  2. ?final?Looper?mLooper;??
  3. public?Handler()?{??
  4. ????????if?(FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS)?{??
  5. ????????????final?Class<??extends?Handler>?klass?=?getClass();??
  6. ????????????if?((klass.isAnonymousClass()?||?klass.isMemberClass()?||?klass.isLocalClass())?&&??
  7. ????????????????????(klass.getModifiers()?&?Modifier.STATIC)?==?0)?{??
  8. ????????????????Log.w(TAG,?"The?following?Handler?class?should?be?static?or?leaks?might?occur:?"?+??
  9. ????????????????????klass.getCanonicalName());??
  10. ????????????}??
  11. ????????}??
  12. ??
  13. ????????mLooper?=?Looper.myLooper();??
  14. ????????if?(mLooper?==?null)?{??
  15. ????????????throw?new?RuntimeException(??
  16. ????????????????"Can't?create?handler?inside?thread?that?has?not?called?Looper.prepare()");??
  17. ????????}??
  18. ????????mQueue?=?mLooper.mQueue;??
  19. ????????mCallback?=?null;??
  20. }??

Handler通过mLooper = Looper.myLooper();绑定到线程的局部变量Looper上去,同时Handler通过mQueue =mLooper.mQueue;获得线程的消息队列。此时,Handler就绑定到创建此Handler对象的线程的消息队列上了。

3、定义处理消息的方法:Override public void handleMessage (Message msg){}

? ? ?子类需要覆盖这个方法,实现接受到消息后的处理方法。

4、启动消息循环 : Looper.loop()

? ? ? 所有准备工作都准备好了,是时候启动消息循环了!Looper的静态方法loop()实现了消息循环。

Looper.java

[java]?view plaincopy
  1. public?static?final?void?loop()?{??
  2. ???????Looper?me?=?myLooper();??
  3. ???????MessageQueue?queue?=?me.mQueue;??
  4. ?????????
  5. ???????//?Make?sure?the?identity?of?this?thread?is?that?of?the?local?process,??
  6. ???????//?and?keep?track?of?what?that?identity?token?actually?is.??
  7. ???????Binder.clearCallingIdentity();??
  8. ???????final?long?ident?=?Binder.clearCallingIdentity();??
  9. ?????????
  10. ???????while?(true)?{??
  11. ???????????Message?msg?=?queue.next();?//?might?block??
  12. ???????????//if?(!me.mRun)?{??
  13. ???????????//????break;??
  14. ???????????//}??
  15. ???????????if?(msg?!=?null)?{??
  16. ???????????????if?(msg.target?==?null)?{??
  17. ???????????????????//?No?target?is?a?magic?identifier?for?the?quit?message.??
  18. ???????????????????return;??
  19. ???????????????}??
  20. ???????????????if?(me.mLogging!=?null)?me.mLogging.println(??
  21. ???????????????????????">>>>>?Dispatching?to?"?+?msg.target?+?"?"??
  22. ???????????????????????+?msg.callback?+?":?"?+?msg.what??
  23. ???????????????????????);??
  24. ???????????????msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);??
  25. ???????????????if?(me.mLogging!=?null)?me.mLogging.println(??
  26. ???????????????????????"<<<<<?Finished?to????"?+?msg.target?+?"?"??
  27. ???????????????????????+?msg.callback);??
  28. ?????????????????
  29. ???????????????//?Make?sure?that?during?the?course?of?dispatching?the??
  30. ???????????????//?identity?of?the?thread?wasn't?corrupted.??
  31. ???????????????final?long?newIdent?=?Binder.clearCallingIdentity();??
  32. ???????????????if?(ident?!=?newIdent)?{??
  33. ???????????????????Log.wtf("Looper",?"Thread?identity?changed?from?0x"??
  34. ???????????????????????????+?Long.toHexString(ident)?+?"?to?0x"??
  35. ???????????????????????????+?Long.toHexString(newIdent)?+?"?while?dispatching?to?"??
  36. ???????????????????????????+?msg.target.getClass().getName()?+?"?"??
  37. ???????????????????????????+?msg.callback?+?"?what="?+?msg.what);??
  38. ???????????????}??
  39. ?????????????????
  40. ???????????????msg.recycle();??
  41. ???????????}??
  42. ???????}??
  43. ???}??

while(true)体现了消息循环中的“循环“,Looper会在循环体中调用queue.next()获取消息队列中需要处理的下一条消息。当msg != null且msg.target != null时,调用msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);分发消息,当分发完成后,调用msg.recycle();回收消息。

msg.target是一个handler对象,表示需要处理这个消息的handler对象。Handler的void dispatchMessage(Message msg)方法如下:

Handler.java

[java]?view plaincopy
  1. public?void?dispatchMessage(Message?msg)?{??
  2. ????????if?(msg.callback?!=?null)?{??
  3. ????????????handleCallback(msg);??
  4. ????????}?else?{??
  5. ????????????if?(mCallback?!=?null)?{??
  6. ????????????????if?(mCallback.handleMessage(msg))?{??
  7. ????????????????????return;??
  8. ????????????????}??
  9. ????????????}??
  10. ????????????handleMessage(msg);??
  11. ????????}??
  12. }??

可见,当msg.callback== null 并且mCallback == null时,这个例子是由handleMessage(msg);处理消息,上面我们说到子类覆盖这个方法可以实现消息的具体处理过程。

?

总结:从上面的分析过程可知,消息循环的核心是Looper,Looper持有消息队列MessageQueue对象,一个线程可以把Looper设为该线程的局部变量,这就相当于这个线程建立了一个对应的消息队列。Handler的作用就是封装发送消息和处理消息的过程,让其他线程只需要操作Handler就可以发消息给创建Handler的线程。由此可以知道,在上一篇《Android异步处理一:使用Thread+Handler实现非UI线程更新UI界面》中,UI线程在创建的时候就建立了消息循环(在ActivityThread的public static final void main(String[] args)方法中实现),因此我们可以在其他线程给UI线程的handler发送消息,达到更新UI的目的。

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