? ? ? ?使用Handler和Thread是Android进行线程间通信的主要方式。具体方式是,在异步线程中,使用handler发送Message到指定队列(handler.sendMessage(Message msg))。目标队列接收消息后,将消息添加到队列中,Looper轮询队列,依次对异步线程发送过来的Message进行处理,下面结合Android源码详述。
? ? ? ?先看Handler的构造方法(android.os.Handler.java):
? ? ??
public Handler() { //doSomething mLooper = Looper.myLooper(); if (mLooper == null) { throw new RuntimeException( "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()"); } mQueue = mLooper.mQueue; mCallback = null; } /** * Constructor associates this handler with the queue for the * current thread and takes a callback interface in which you can handle * messages. */ public Handler(Callback callback) { //doSomething mLooper = Looper.myLooper(); if (mLooper == null) { throw new RuntimeException( "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()"); } mQueue = mLooper.mQueue; mCallback = callback; } /** * Use the provided queue instead of the default one. */ public Handler(Looper looper) { mLooper = looper; mQueue = looper.mQueue; mCallback = null; } /** * Use the provided queue instead of the default one and take a callback * interface in which to handle messages. */ public Handler(Looper looper, Callback callback) { mLooper = looper; mQueue = looper.mQueue; mCallback = callback; }
?每个handler必定有一个对应的Looper,如果没有在构造器中传入,则调用Looper.myLooper()生成一个默认的Looper,再去看Looper的代码(android.os.Looper.java):
// sThreadLocal.get() will return null unless you've called prepare(). static final ThreadLocal<Looper> sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Looper>(); /** * Return the Looper object associated with the current thread. Returns * null if the calling thread is not associated with a Looper. */ public static Looper myLooper() { return sThreadLocal.get(); }
?sThreadLocal里什么时候装进去的Looper呢?在android.app.ActivityThread.java代码里发现了对Looper的static方法的调用:
public static void main(String[] args) { SamplingProfilerIntegration.start(); // CloseGuard defaults to true and can be quite spammy. We // disable it here, but selectively enable it later (via // StrictMode) on debug builds, but using DropBox, not logs. CloseGuard.setEnabled(false); Process.setArgV0("<pre-initialized>"); Looper.prepareMainLooper(); if (sMainThreadHandler == null) { sMainThreadHandler = new Handler(); } ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread(); thread.attach(false); if (false) { Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread")); } Looper.loop(); throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited"); }
?这个main方法在系统启动时已经被调用过,android.os.Looper.sThreadLocal是一个静态常量,所有Looper实例共用此常量。
? ?
/** Initialize the current thread as a looper. * This gives you a chance to create handlers that then reference * this looper, before actually starting the loop. Be sure to call * [email protected] #loop()} after calling this method, and end it by calling * [email protected] #quit()}. */ public static void prepare() { if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) { throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread"); } sThreadLocal.set(new Looper()); } /** * Initialize the current thread as a looper, marking it as an * application's main looper. The main looper for your application * is created by the Android environment, so you should never need * to call this function yourself. See also: [email protected] #prepare()} */ public static void prepareMainLooper() { prepare(); setMainLooper(myLooper()); myLooper().mQueue.mQuitAllowed = false; } private synchronized static void setMainLooper(Looper looper) { mMainLooper = looper; } /** Returns the application's main looper, which lives in the main thread of the application. */ public synchronized static Looper getMainLooper() { return mMainLooper; }
?prepareMainLooper()方法调用了prepare()方法,prepare()方法为android.os.Looper.sThreadLocal进行赋值,我们继续跟进Looper的构造器:
private Looper() { mQueue = new MessageQueue(); mRun = true; mThread = Thread.currentThread(); }
?至此,Looper和当前线程对应起来,并且实例化MessageQueue对象。
? ? ? ? ?按以上,如果我们在主线程里不传Looper实例化了一个Handler,handler对应的Looper所对应的线程就是ActivitThread运行的线程,就是我们常说的主线程。
? ? ? ? 如果我们在非主线程里实例化了一个Looper,方法必然是在当前线程调用Looper.prepare(); Looper.loop();。Handler对应的Looper对应当前线程。
? ? ? ? 一个线程中可以创建多个Handler,但只能拥有一个Looper,一个Looper对应一个消息队列。
? ? ? ? ?注:对同一个ThreadLocal对象调用get方法,不同线程将得到不同结果,具体原理与介绍不在此描述。
?
?
?
? ? ? 下面我们开始使用handler工作,发送消息时使用sendMessage方法或者Message的sendToTarget方法,最终都会调用到handler对应的Looper持有的MessageQueue,队列调用
final boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) { if (msg.isInUse()) { throw new AndroidRuntimeException(msg + " This message is already in use."); } if (msg.target == null && !mQuitAllowed) { throw new RuntimeException("Main thread not allowed to quit"); } final boolean needWake; synchronized (this) { if (mQuiting) { RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException( msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread"); Log.w("MessageQueue", e.getMessage(), e); return false; } else if (msg.target == null) { mQuiting = true; } msg.when = when; //Log.d("MessageQueue", "Enqueing: " + msg); Message p = mMessages; if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) { msg.next = p; mMessages = msg; needWake = mBlocked; // new head, might need to wake up } else { Message prev = null; while (p != null && p.when <= when) { prev = p; p = p.next; } msg.next = prev.next; prev.next = msg; needWake = false; // still waiting on head, no need to wake up } } if (needWake) { nativeWake(mPtr); } return true; }
?这个方法把发送的Message添加到队列中,而已经启动的Looper则一直在轮询运行
/** * Run the message queue in this thread. Be sure to call * [email protected] #quit()} to end the loop. */ public static void loop() { Looper me = myLooper(); if (me == null) { throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread."); } MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue; // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process, // and keep track of what that identity token actually is. Binder.clearCallingIdentity(); final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity(); while (true) { Message msg = queue.next(); // might block if (msg != null) { if (msg.target == null) { // No target is a magic identifier for the quit message. return; } long wallStart = 0; long threadStart = 0; // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger Printer logging = me.mLogging; if (logging != null) { logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback + ": " + msg.what); wallStart = SystemClock.currentTimeMicro(); threadStart = SystemClock.currentThreadTimeMicro(); } msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg); if (logging != null) { long wallTime = SystemClock.currentTimeMicro() - wallStart; long threadTime = SystemClock.currentThreadTimeMicro() - threadStart; logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback); if (logging instanceof Profiler) { ((Profiler) logging).profile(msg, wallStart, wallTime, threadStart, threadTime); } } // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted. final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity(); if (ident != newIdent) { Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x" + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x" + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to " + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " " + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what); } msg.recycle(); } } }
?方法中msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);说明handlder的dispatchMessage()方法运行在loop()调用的线程中,dispatchMessage方法将调用handleMessage方法。
? ? ?这样,Handler处理消息的代码将运行在其对应的Looper所在的线程。整体的结构也就清晰了:
? ? ?Handler实例化时,引用一个Looper,Looper唯一对应一个线程,Looper持有一个消息队列,Handler发送消息到消息队列,Looper轮询获取消息队列中的待处理Message,Message对象的target在轮询中顺次分发给Handler,Handler的handleMessage方法被调用。